Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Signaling in Lung Development and Inflammatory Lung Diseases

Figure 1

IGF signaling pathway. IGF-1 binds with IGF-1R and activates its intracellular kinase activity, which activates insulin receptor substrates (IRS-1 and IRS-2). IRS-1 and IRS-2 further regulate the transcription of downstream genes as well as cell physiology by activating RAS/Raf/MAPK and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways. IRS-2 also activates Rho-kinase (ROCK) and p38 MAPK via focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and crosstalk with Wnt, NF-κB, and integrin signaling pathways.