Risk Factors for Neonatal Sepsis: A Retrospective Case-Control Study among Neonates Who Were Delivered by Caesarean Section at the Trauma and Specialist Hospital, Winneba, Ghana

Table 2

Neonatal factors that influence the occurrence of sepsis among neonates.

Variable	Cases	Controls	Total	COR [95CI] p-value	AOR [95CI] p-value
	n=67()	n=316()	N=383()
Gestational age (weeks)
<37	16 (23.9)	42 (13.3)	58 (15.1)	3.05 [0.62, 14.78] 0.167
37-42	49 (73.1)	258 (81.6)	307 (80.2)	1.51 [0.34, 6.81] 0.585
>42	2 (3.0)	16 (5.1)	18 (4.7)	Ref.
Birth weight (Kg)
<1.5	9 (13.4)	17 (5.4)	26 (6.8)	2.54 [1.07, 6.03] 0.035	0.82 [0.25, 2.65] 0.737
1.5-2.5	9 (13.4)	64 (20.2)	73 (19.1)	0.67 [0.31, 1.45] 0.311	0.54 [0.19, 1.50] 0.236
>2.5	49 (73.2)	235 (74.4)	284 (74.1)	Ref.	Ref.
Sex
Male	34 (50.8)	153 (48.4)	187 (48.8)	Ref.
Female	33 (49.2)	163 (51.6)	196 (51.2)	0.91 [0.54, 1.54] 0.729
Neonatal age (Days)
<7	55 (82.1)	128 (40.5)	183 (47.8)	6.73[3.47,13.07]<0.001	9.40[4.24,20.81]<0.001
≥7	12 (17.9)	188 (59.5)	200 (52.2)	Ref.	Ref.
APGAR score in the first minute
<7	27 (40.3)	96 (30.4)	123 (32.1)	1.55 [0.90, 2.66] 0.116
≥7	40 (59.7)	220 (69.6)	260 (67.9)	Ref.
APGAR score in the fifth minute
<7	17 (25.4)	58 (18.3)	75 (19.6)	1.51 [0.81, 2.81] 0.191
≥7	50 (74.6)	258 (81.7)	308 (80.4)	Ref.
Meconium
None	8 (11.9)	108 (34.2)	116 (30.3)	Ref.	Ref.
Passed	59 (88.1)	208 (65.8)	267 (69.7)	3.83 [1.77, 8.30] 0.001	0.63 [0.14, 2.80] 0.542
Resuscitated at birth
No	55 (82.1)	254 (80.4)	309 (80.7)	Ref.
Yes	12 (17.9)	62 (19.6)	74 (19.3)	0.89 [0.45, 1.77] 0.748
Reason for CS
Emergency	60 (89.5)	182 (57.6)	242 (63.2)	Ref.	Ref.
Elective	7 (10.5)	134 (42.4)	141 (36.8)	0.15 [0.07, 0.36] <0.001	0.14 [0.05, 0.36] <0.001
Duration of stay
< 1 week	48 (71.6)	290 (91.8)	338 (88.3)	Ref.	Ref.
1-2 weeks	8 (11.9)	22 (7.0)	30 (7.8)	2.20 [0.93, 5.22] 0.074	1.38 [0.48, 3.99] 0.551
<2 weeks	11 (16.5)	4 (1.2)	15 (3.9)	16.6 [5.08, 54.31] <0.001	12.05[2.56,56.78]0.001
Outcome of admission
Discharged	61 (91.0)	300 (94.9)	361 (94.3)	Ref.
Died	4 (6.0)	13 (4.1)	17 (4.4)	1.51 [0.48, 4.80] 0.482
Referred	2 (3.0)	3 (1.0)	5 (1.3)	3.28 [0.54, 20.04] 0.199