Opening the Blood-Brain Barrier and Improving the Efficacy of Temozolomide Treatments of Glioblastoma Using Pulsed, Focused Ultrasound with a Microbubble Contrast Agent

Figure 1

TEM of brain capillary tube ultrastructure. (a) Control group with basement membrane is thin and uniform and endothelial cells link closely. (b) Group with continuous launches and ultrasonic contrast agent (1 ml/kg). (c) Group with intermittent launches (interval, 400 ms) and ultrasonic contrast agent (1 ml/kg). In the latter two groups, note that the capillary lumen is irregular and the basement membrane is intact, while the thickness of the endothelial cells is uneven, outside the basal lamina, the astrocytes, and foot appear edematous, especially in (c).

(a)

(b)

(c)