Research Article
Psychiatric Comorbidities among People Who Inject Drugs in Hai Phong, Vietnam: The Need for Screening and Innovative Interventions
Table 3
Factors associated with having at least one psychiatric disorder among PWID in Hai Phong, Vietnam (N=188).
| | Variables | At least one psychiatric disorder
N (%) | OR
(95% CI) | p value | Adjusted OR
(95% CI) | p value |
| | Sex | Male/Trans | 36 (22.0) | REF | | REF | | | Female | 12 (50.0) | 3.56 (1.47- 8.59) | 0.005 | 3.03 (1.02-9.03) | 0.046 | | Age | ≤ 35 | 21 (27.6) | REF | | REF | | | > 35 | 27 (24.1) | 0.83 (0.42- 1.61) | 0.587 | - | - | | Marital status | Married/partner | 18 (26.1) | REF | | REF | | | Other | 30 (25.2) | 0.95 (0.48- 1.88) | 0.894 | - | - | | Children | No children | 17 (22.7) | REF | | REF | | | Has Children | 31 (27.4) | 1.28 (0.65- 2.54) | 0.464 | - | - | | Monthly income | ≤ 3M VND | 19 (20.9) | REF | | REF | | | > 3M VND | 29 (29.9) | 1.61 (0.82- 3.14) | 0.158 | 1.23 (0.59-2.57) | 0.581 | | Illness related to HIV (last 3 months) | No | 45 (25.0) | REF | | REF | | | Yes | 3 (37.5) | 1.80 (0.41- 7.73) | 0.433 | - | - | | Past history of overdose | No | 37 (24.0) | REF | | REF | | | Yes | 11 (32.4) | 1.51 (0.67- 3.39) | 0.316 | - | - | | No. of years of injection | ≤8 years | 24 (23.3) | REF | | REF | | | >8 years | 23 (27.4) | 1.24 (0.64- 2.40) | 0.523 | - | - | | Urine toxicology: benzodiazepine | No | 45 (25.7) | REF | | REF | | | Yes | 3 (23.1) | 0.87 (0.23- 3.29) | 0.833 | - | - | | Urine toxicology: heroin | No | 14 (26.4) | REF | | REF | | | Yes | 34 (25.2) | 0.93 (0.45- 1.93) | 0.862 | - | - | | Urine toxicology: methadone | No | 17 (25.0) | REF | | REF | | | Yes | 31 (25.8) | 1.04 (0.52- 2.07) | 0.900 | - | - | | Number of injections per month | <75 | 39 (25.0) | REF | | REF | | | ≥ 75 | 9 (28.1) | 1.17 (0.50- 2.75) | 0.712 | - | - | | Problematic alcohol use (Audit-C)& | No | 29 (21.8) | REF | | REF | | | Yes | 19 (34.6) | 1.89 (0.94- 3.78) | 0.071 | 2.53 (1.19-5.37) | 0.016 | | Risk-related sexual practices | No | 45 (25.6) | REF | | REF | | | Yes | 3 (25.0) | 0.97 (0.25- 3.74) | 0.965 | - | - | | Methamphetamine (“Ice”) use0 | No | 19 (19.8) | REF | | REF | | | Yes | 29 (31.5) | 1.86 (0.95- 3.63) | 0.067 | 1.76 (0.87-3.57) | 0.117 | | Still on methadone at W64 visit | No | 3 (23.1) | REF | | REF | | | Yes | 29 (24.6) | 1.08 (0.27- 4.21) | 0.905 | - | - | | Currently receiving ART at W64 visit | No | 40 (24.4) | REF | | REF | | | Yes | 8 (33.3) | 1.55 (0.62-3.89) | 0.351 | - | - | | HIV status | Negative | 35 (23.0) | REF | | REF | | | Positive | 13 (36.1) | 1.88 (0.86- 4.11) | 0.109 | 1.71 (0.72-4.08) | 0.227 | | HCV status | Negative | 20 (29.0) | REF | | REF | | | Positive | 28 (23.5) | 0.75 (0.38- 1.47) | 0.409 | - | - |
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VND: Vietnam Dong (≤ or > 3 000 000 VND). & Audit-c score ≥3 in women and ≥4 in men. °Self-reported methamphetamine use + urine test. |
