Research Article
Psychiatric Comorbidities among People Who Inject Drugs in Hai Phong, Vietnam: The Need for Screening and Innovative Interventions
Table 4
Factors associated with having a major depressive disorder (current) among PWID in Hai Phong, Vietnam (N=188).
| | Variables | Major depressive disorder
N (%) | OR
(95% CI) | p value | Adjusted OR
(95% CI) | p value |
| | Sex | Male/Trans | 13 (7.9) | REF | | REF | | | Female | 10 (41.7) | 8.29 (3.08- 22.30) | <0.001 | 5.05 (1.54-16.60) | 0.007 | | Age | ≤ 35 | 12 (15.8) | REF | | REF | | | > 35 | 11 (9.8) | 0.58 (0.24- 1.39) | 0.224 | - | - | | Marital status | Married/partner | 7 (10.1) | REF | | REF | | | Other | 16 (13.5) | 1.37 (0.53- 3.53) | 0.507 | - | - | | Children | No children | 9 (12.0) | REF | | REF | | | Has Children | 14 (12.4) | 1.03 (0.42- 2.53) | 0.936 | - | - | | Monthly income | ≤ 3M VND | 9 (9.9) | REF | | REF | | | > 3M VND | 14 (14.4) | 1.53 (0.63- 3.74) | 0.345 | - | - | | Illness related to HIV (last 3 months) | No | 20 (11.1) | REF | | REF | | | Yes | 3 (37.5) | 4.8 (1.06- 21.61) | 0.041 | 1.71 (2.23-12.82) | 0.603 | | Past history of overdose | No | 17 (17.0) | REF | | REF | | | Yes | 6 (17.6) | 1.72 (0.62- 4.76) | 0.292 | - | - | | No. of years of injection | ≤8 years | 11 (10.7) | REF | | REF | | | >8 years | 11 (13.1) | 1.26 (0.51- 3.07) | 0.611 | - | - | | Urine toxicology: benzodiazepines | No | 22 (12.6) | REF | | REF | | | Yes | 1 (7.7) | 0.58 (0.07-4.68) | 0.609 | - | - | | Urine toxicology: heroin | No | 9 (17.0) | REF | | REF | | | Yes | 14 (10.4) | 0.56 (0.23- 1.40) | 0.218 | - | - | | Urine toxicology: methadone | No | 8 (11.7) | REF | | REF | | | Yes | 15 (12.5) | 1.07 (0.43- 2.67) | 0.882 | - | - | | Number of injections per month | <75 | 19 (12.2) | REF | | REF | | | ≥ 75 | 4 (12.5) | 1.03 (0.32- 3.26) | 0.960 | - | - | | Problematic alcohol use (Audit-C)& | No | 15 (11.3) | REF | | REF | | | Yes | 8 (14.6) | 1.34 (0.53- 3.36) | 0.535 | - | - | | Methamphetamine (“Ice”) use0 | No | 12 (12.5) | REF | | REF | | | Yes | 11 (12.0) | 0.95 (0.40-2.27) | 0.909 | - | - | | Still on methadone at W64 visit | No | 3 (23.1) | REF | | REF | | | Yes | 14 (11.9) | 0.45 (0.11- 1.83) | 0.264 | - | - | | Currently receiving ART at W64 visit | No | 20 (12.2) | REF | | REF | | | Yes | 3 (12.5) | 1.03 (0.28-3.76) | 0.966 | - | - | | HIV status | Negative | 16 (10.5) | REF | | REF | | | Positive | 7 (19.4) | 2.05 (0.77- 5.43) | 0.148 | 1.05 (0.29-3.81) | 0.940 | | HCV status | Negative | 11 (15.9) | REF | | REF | | | Positive | 12 (10.1) | 0.59 (0.24- 1.42) | 0.241 | - | - |
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VND: Vietnam Dong (≤ or > 3 000 000 VND). & Audit-c score ≥3 in women and ≥4 in men. °Self-reported methamphetamine use + urine test. |
