Psychiatric Comorbidities among People Who Inject Drugs in Hai Phong, Vietnam: The Need for Screening and Innovative Interventions

Table 6

Factors associated with having a psychotic syndrome (lifetime) among PWID in Hai Phong, Vietnam (N=188).

Variables		Psychotic syndrome; N (%)	OR; (95% CI)	p value	Adjusted OR; (95% CI)	p value
Sex	Male/Trans	15 (9.2)	REF		REF
	Female	4 (16.7)	1.98 (0.60-6.58)	0.261	-	-
Age	≤ 35	11 (14.5)	REF		REF
	> 35	8 (7.1)	0.45 (0.17-1.18)	0.108	0.45 (0.16-1.29)	0.135
Marital status	Married/partner	6 (8.7)	REF		REF
	Other	13 (10.9)	1.28 (0.47-3.56)	0.626	- -	-
Children	No children	9 (12.0)	REF		REF
	Has Children	10 (8.9)	0.71 (0.27-1.84)	0.484	-	-
Monthly income	≤ 3M VND	10 (11.0)	REF		REF
	> 3M VND	9 (9.3)	0.83 (0.32-2.14)	0.698	-	-
Illness related to HIV (last 3 months)	No	19 (10.6)	REF		REF
	Yes	0	-	-	-	-
Past history of overdose	No	16 (10.4)	REF		REF
	Yes	3 (8.8)	0.83 (0.23-3.04)	0.784	-	-
No. of years of injection	≤8 years	12 (11.7)	REF		REF
	>8 years	7 (8.3)	0.69 (0.26-1.83)	0.457	-	-
Urine toxicology: benzodiazepines	No	16 (9.1)	REF		REF
	Yes	3 (23.1)	2.98 (0.74-11.9)	0.123	0.10 (0.16-3.91)	0.780
Urine toxicology: heroin	No	4 (7.6)	REF		REF
	Yes	15 (11.1)	1.53 (0.48-4.84)	0.72	-	-
Urine toxicology: methadone	No	9 (13.2)	REF		REF
	Yes	10 (8.3)	0.59 (0.23-1.54)	0.288	-	-
Number of injections per month	<75	16 (10.3)	REF		REF
	≥ 75	3 (9.4)	0.91 (0.25-3.30)	0.880	-	-
Problematic alcohol use (Audit-C)^&	No	13 (9.8)	REF		REF
	Yes	6 (10.9)	1.13 (0.40-3.14)	0.814	-	-
Methamphetamine (“Ice”) use^0	No	4 (4.2)	REF		REF
	Yes	15 (16.3)	4.48 (1.42-14.06)	0.008	4.05 (1.25-13.15)	0.020
Still on methadone at W64 visit	No	2 (15.4)	REF		REF
	Yes	11 (9.3)	0.56 (0.11-2.88)	0.493	-	-
Currently receiving ART at W64 visit	No	16 (9.8)	REF		REF
	Yes	3 (12.5)	1.32 (0.36-4.92)	0.677	-	-
HIV status	Negative	16 (10.5)	REF		REF
	Positive	3 (8.3)	0.77 (0.21-2.81)	0.695	-	-
HCV status	Negative	11 (15.9)	REF		REF
	Positive	8 (6.7)	0.38 (0.14-0.99)	0.049	0.41 (0.16-0.29)	0.091

VND: Vietnam Dong (≤ or > 3 000 000 VND).
^& Audit-c score ≥3 in women and ≥4 in men.
°Self-reported methamphetamine use + urine test.