|
Growth factor | Cell types | Culture conditions | Findings | Authors and reference |
|
TGF-β1 | Meniscal fibrochondrocytes | Monolayer culture | Increase collagen and GAG synthesis | Tanaka et al. [12] |
Pangborn and Athanasiou [13] |
|
TGF-β | Meniscal fibrochondrocytes | Monolayer/alginate beads/explant culture | Increase proteoglycan synthesis | Collier and Ghosh [14] |
|
TGF-β1 | Meniscal fibrochondrocytes | PGA scaffold culture | Increase collagen and GAG synthesis | Pangborn and Athanasiou [15] |
|
TGF-β1 | Meniscal fibrochondrocytes | Meniscus explant culture | Increase collagen and GAG synthesis | Imler et al. [16] |
|
TGF-β1 and C-ABC | Cocultures of meniscal fibrochondrocytes and articular chondrocytes | Agarose scaffold culture | Increase collagen synthesis and the Young’s modulus and ultimate tensile strength | MacBarb et al. [17] |
|
TGF-β1 and C-ABC | Meniscal fibrochondrocytes and articular chondrocytes | Agarose scaffold culture | Enhance compressive and tensile properties | Huey and Athanasiou [18] |
|
TGF-β1 and HP | Meniscal fibrochondrocytes | PLLA scaffold culture | Increase collagen and GAG deposition and compressive properties | Gunja et al. [19] |
|
TGF-β1 | Meniscal fibrochondrocytes and articular chondrocyte | Monolayer culture | Increase SMA content | Zaleskas et al. [20] |
|
TGF-β1 | Articular chondrocytes | Explant culture | Reduce MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-8, and MMP-13 expression and induced TIMP-2 and TIMP-3 production | Hui et al. [21] |
|
TGF-β1 | Articular chondrocytes | Monolayer culture | Suppress MMP-13, MMP-14 expression | Takahashi et al. [22] |
|
TGF-β1 | Human synovium-derived stem cells | Monolayer culture | Enhance chondrogenic differentiation and proliferation | Kim et al. [23] |
|
TGF-β1 | BMSCs | Monolayer culture | Enhances chondrogenic differentiation and proliferation | Jian et al. [24] |
|
TGF-β | MSCs | Monolayer culture | Induce chondrogenic differentiation | Augustyniak et al. [25]— |
Tang et al. [26] |
|
TGF-β1, TGF-β2, IGF-I | Dedifferentiated adult human articular chondrocytes | Monolayer culture | Reexpress aggrecan and type II collagen genes | Yaeger et al. [27] |
|
TGF-β1 | BMSCs | Chitosan/gelatin scaffolds culture | Promoted chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs, cartilage matrix synthesis, repair of rabbit cartilage defects | Diao et al. [28] |
|
TGF-β3 | BMSCs | PLGA-gelatin/chondroitin sulfate/hyaluronic acid hybrid scaffold in rabbit | Enhance MSCs proliferation and abundant ECM production, cartilage regeneration | Fan et al. [29] |
|
TGFβ3 | None | PCL-HA scaffold in rabbit | Regenerate articular cartilage by homing of endogenous cells | Bochyńska et al. [30] |
|
TGFβ3 and CTGF | None | PCL scaffold in sheep | Lead to heterogeneous meniscus regeneration | Lee et al. [31] |
|
BMP-2 | Dedifferentiated articular chondrocytes | Monolayer culture | Reverse chondrocyte dedifferentiation | Gouttenoire et al. [32] |
|
BMP-2 | None | Intra-articular injection in mice | Enhance matrix turnover in native and IL-damaged cartilage | Davidson et al. [33] |
|
BMP-2 | Articular chondrocytes | Solvent preserved human meniscus explant culture | Stimulate chondrocytes migration and proliferation and enhance meniscus repair | Minehara et al. [34] |
|
BMP-7 | Articular chondrocytes | Monolayer culture | Counteract chondrocyte catabolism induced by proinflammatory cytokines | Elshaier et al. [35] |
Huch et al. [36] |
|
BMP-7 | None | Intra-articular injection in sheep | Fill meniscal defect with cellular fibrous tissue | Forriol et al. [37] |
|
BMP-7 | None | Injection into Achilles tendon in rats | Regenerate meniscus-like tissue | Ozeki et al. [38] |
|
BMP-2/-4/-6 | hBMSC | Monolayer culture | Enhance chondrogenic differentiation | Sekiya et al. [39] |
|
BMP-2/-4/-6/ -7 and CDMP-1/-2 | Articular chondrocytes | Alginate beads culture | BMP-7 are most potent in upregulating proteoglycan production and counteract catabolic activity mediated by IL-1 | Chubinskaya et al. [40] |
|
BMP-7 and TGF-β1 | Synovial mesenchymal stem cells | Pellet culture | Enhance chondrogenesis from synovium-derived MSCs | Miyamoto et al. [41] |
|
BMP-2/BMP-7, TGF-β1 | Synovial tissue | Agarose scaffold culture | Enhance chondrogenic differentiation of synovial explants | Shintani and Hunziker [42] |
|
bFGF | Meniscal fibrochondrocytes | Monolayer culture | Enhance proliferation | Hiraide et al. [43] |
Kasemkijwattana et al. [44] |
|
bFGF | Meniscal fibrochondrocytes | PGA scaffold culture | Enhance proliferation | Stewart et al. [45] |
|
bFGF | Meniscal fibrochondrocytes | Alginate scaffold culture | Enhance proliferation and SMA expression | Cucchiarini et al. [46] |
|
bFGF | BMSCs | Monolayer culture | Enhance proliferation | Sotiropoulou et al. [47] |
|
bFGF | MSCs | Monolayer culture | Maintain the multilineage differentiation potential of MSCs | Buckley and Kelly [48]— |
Martin et al. [49] |
|
bFGF and hypoxia | Meniscal fibrochondrocytes | Three-dimensional pellet culture | Reexpress collagen type II and PGs gene | Adesida et al. [50] |
|
bFGF | Intervertebral disc cells | Monolayer and alginate beads culture | Suppress proteoglycan production | Li et al. [51] |
|
bFGF | Articular chondrocytes | Monolayer culture | Suppress collagen type II and decorin synthesis | Sonal [52] |
|
bFGF | Articular chondrocytes | Monolayer culture | Upregulate MMPs, aggrecanases, nitric oxide and superoxide anion expression | Muddasani et al. [53] |
|
bFGF | Articular chondrocytes | Alginate culture | Antagonizes proteoglycan synthesis | Loeser et al. [54] |
|
bFGF | Articular chondrocytes | Gelatin-chondroitin-hyaluronan hybrid scaffold culture | Repair with hyaline-like cartilage | Deng et al. [55] |
|
bFGF and hypoxia | Meniscal fibrochondrocytes | PLLA scaffold culture | Enhance GAGs production and compressive properties of constructs | Gunja and Athanasiou [56] |
|
bFGF and TGF-β3 | None | Electrospun PCL scaffolds culture | Improve meniscus repair and scaffold integration | Ionescu et al. [57] |
|
IGF–1 | Meniscal fibrochondrocytes | Alginate scaffold culture | Increase collagen and GAG synthesis as well as mechanical properties | Puetzer et al. [58] |
|
IGF-1 | Meniscal fibrochondrocytes | Monolayer culture | Enhanced proliferation and ECM formation | Tumia and Johnstone [59] |
|
IGF-1 | BMSCs | Monolayer culture | Modulate chondrogenic differentiation | Longobardi et al. [60] |
|
IGF-1 | Meniscal fibrochondrocytes | Explant culture | Stimulated cell migration | Bhargava et al. [61] |
|
IGF-1 | BMSC (transfection of hIGF-1 gene) | Intra-articular injection in goat | Promote the repair of full-thickness meniscal defects | Zhang et al. [62] |
|
IGF-1 | Articular chondrocytes (transfection of hIGF-1 gene) | Polymerized fibrinogen in equine model | Enhance cartilage healing | Goodrich et al. [63] |
|
IGF-1 and TGF-β1 | BMSCs | Three-dimensional fibrin disk culture | Enhance chondrogenic differentiation | Worster et al. [64] |
|
IGF-1 and TGF-β1 | None | Explant culture | Improve repair of meniscus avascular zone | Izal et al. [65] |
|
IGF–1, TGF-β1, bFGF | Fibroblast-like synoviocytes | PGA/PLLA scaffold culture | Enhance collagen type II and aggrecans expression | Fox et al. [66] |
|
IGF and BMP-7 | Articular chondrocytes | Monolayer culture | Suppress MMP-13 expression | Im et al. [67] |
|
VEGF | None | VEGF-coated sutures in a sheep | Fail to promote meniscus healing | Petersen et al. [68] |
|
HGF | Meniscal fibrochondrocytes (transfection of HGF-1 gene) | PGA scaffold in mice | Induce blood vessel formation in engineered constructs | Hidaka et al. [69] |
|
CTGF | Meniscal fibrochondrocytes | Fibrin glue in rabbits model | Promote healing of meniscal defect in the avascular zone | He et al. [70] |
|
CTGF | None | Hydrogel collagen scaffold in rats model | Enhance articular cartilage regeneration | Nishida et al. [71] |
|
PDGF-AB | Meniscal fibrochondrocytes | Monolayer culture | Increase proliferation and matrix formation | Tumia and Johnstone [72] |
|
PRP | Meniscal fibrochondrocytes | Gelatin hydrogel in a rabbit model | Promote meniscus repair | Ishida et al. [73] |
|