Evaluating Vitamin D Status in Pre- and Postmenopausal Type 2 Diabetics and Its Association with Glucose Homeostasis
Table 4
Biochemical profile of study groups stratified by vitamin D status.
Variables
Premenopausal T2DM
Postmenopausal T2DM
Vitamin D deficient (<20 ng/ml),
Vitamin D sufficient (>20 ng/ml),
Vitamin D deficient (<20 ng/ml),
Vitamin D sufficient (>20 ng/ml),
Biochemical parameters
value
value
FBG
11.14 ± 5.14
9.6 ± 4.79
0.136
11.39 ± 4.49
6.63 ± 1.43
<0.0001
Normoglycemia
13 (22.8)
10 (24.4)
0.8552
1 (1.7)
15 (44.1)
<0.0001
Hyperglycemia
44 (77.2)
31 (75.6)
59 (98.3)
19 (55.9)
TCHOL
4.39 ± 1.07
4.83 ± 1.53
0.0097
4.92 ± 1.41
4.98 ± 1.05
0.818
Low
18 (31.6)
13 (31.7)
0.8449
16 (26.7)
6 (17.6)
0.4173
Normal
25 (43.9)
15 (36.6)
19 (31.7)
15 (44.1)
High
14 (24.6)
13 (31.7)
25 (41.7)
13 (38.2)
TG
1.19 ± 0.59
1.26 ± 0.41
0.515
1.44 ± 0.90
1.22 ± 0.35
0.141
Low
5 (8.8)
2 (4.9)
0.7186
2 (3.3)
0 (0.0)
0.1173
Normal
50 (87.7)
38 (92.7)
53 (88.3)
34 (100.0)
High
2 (3.5)
1 (2.4)
5 (8.3)
0 (0.0)
HDL-C
1.24 ± 0.49
1.33 ± 0.44
0.0352
1.27 ± 0.41
1.33 ± 0.36
0.454
Low
10 (17.5)
7 (17.1)
0.7780
10 (16.7)
3 (8.8)
0.298
Normal
44 (77.2)
33 (80.5)
48 (80.0)
31 (91.2)
High
3 (5.3)
1 (2.4)
2 (3.3)
0 (0.0)
LDL-C
2.61 ± 0.84
2.93 ± 1.18
0.120
3.02 ± 1.24
3.10 ± 1.01
0.735
Normal
47 (82.5)
28 (68.3)
0.1027
47 (78.3)
25 (73.5)
0.5286
High
10 (17.5)
13 (31.7)
13 (21.7)
9 (26.5)
HbA1c
8.63 ± 2.60
8.12 ± 2.99
0.371
8.48 ± 2.36
6.35 ± 1.06
<0.0001
Good
17 (29.8)
16 (39.0)
0.5907
10 (16.7)
28 (82.4)
<0.0001
Fair
11 (19.3)
8 (19.5)
21 (35.0)
4 (11.8)
Poor
8 (14.0)
7 (17.1)
10 (16.7)
1 (2.9)
Very poor
21 (36.8)
10 (24.4)
19 (31.7)
1 (2.9)
Calcium
2.11 ± 0.27
2.23 ± 0.32
0.050
2.17 ± 0.27
2.19 ± 0.22
0.697
Low
21 (36.8)
16 (39.0)
0.9751
30 (50.0)
20 (58.8)
0.6005
Normal
33 (57.9)
23 (56.1)
26 (43.3)
13 (38.2)
High
3 (5.3)
2 (4.9)
4 (6.7)
1 (2.9)
Insulin
15.25 ± 4.28
16.68 ± 5.22
0.140
19.75 ± 4.39
21.68 ± 5.47
0.056
Vitamin D
16.16 ± 2.56
24.94 ± 4.55
<0.0001
16.08 ± 3.25
26.16 ± 4.19
<0.0001
HOMA-IR
7.03 ± 2.68
6.91 ± 3.436
0.847
3.11 ± 0.58
2.91 ± 0.75
0.140
HOMA-β
82.62 ± 92.82
132.42 ± 269.75
0.099
56.03 ± 27.58
124.64 ± 54.84
<0.0001
Continuous variables are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Students’ -test analysis was performed to compare means of continuous variables. Categorical variables were expressed as frequency (percentage). Differences between categorical variables were analyzed with Chi square analysis. was considered statistically significant ( values of significant variables are in bold print) FBG: fasting blood glucose; TCHOL: total cholesterol; TG: triglycerides; HDL-C: high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low density lipoprotein cholesterol; HbA1C: glycated haemoglobin; Calcium: total calcium; HOMA-IR: Homeostasis Model Assessment-Insulin Resistance; HOMA-β: Homeostasis Model Assessment-βeta.
