BioMed Research International
Volume 2018 (2018), Article ID 9640131, 10 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/9640131
Baseline Predictors of Visual Acuity Outcome in Patients with Wet Age-Related Macular Degeneration
1Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
2Pao So Kok Macular Disease Treatment and Research Centre and Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, No. 4/F, Hong Kong Eye Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 147K Argyle Street, Kowloon, Hong Kong
32010 Retina and Macula Centre, Kowloon, Hong Kong
Correspondence should be addressed to Xinyuan Zhang; moc.361@0102yxzmm
Received 2 September 2017; Revised 1 January 2018; Accepted 18 January 2018; Published 26 February 2018
Academic Editor: Mitsuru Nakazawa
Copyright © 2018 Xinyuan Zhang and Timothy Y. Y. Lai. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Linked References
- A. Lux, H. Llacer, F. M. A. Heussen, and A. M. Joussen, “Non-responders to bevacizumab (Avastin) therapy of choroidal neovascular lesions,” British Journal of Ophthalmology, vol. 91, no. 10, pp. 1318–1322, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- K. Yamashiro, K. Tomita, A. Tsujikawa et al., “Factors associated with the response of age-related macular degeneration to intravitreal ranibizumab treatment,” American Journal of Ophthalmology, vol. 154, no. 1, pp. 125–136, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- E. S. Gragoudas, A. P. Adamis, E. T. Cunningham Jr., M. Feinsod, and D. R. Guyer, “Pegaptanib for neovascular age-related macular degeneration,” The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 351, no. 27, pp. 2805–2816, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- P. J. Rosenfeld, D. M. Brown, J. S. Heier et al., “Ranibizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration,” The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 355, no. 14, pp. 1419–1431, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- D. M. Brown, M. Michels, P. K. Kaiser, J. S. Heier, J. P. Sy, and T. Ianchulev, “Ranibizumab versus verteporfin photodynamic therapy for neovascular age-related macular degeneration: two-year results of the ANCHOR study,” Ophthalmology, vol. 116, no. 1, pp. 57–e5, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- N. Nagai, M. Suzuki, A. Uchida et al., “Non-responsiveness to intravitreal aflibercept treatment in neovascular age-related macular degeneration: Implications of serous pigment epithelial detachment,” Scientific Reports, vol. 6, Article ID 29619, 2016. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- W. M. Amoaku, U. Chakravarthy, R. Gale et al., “Defining response to anti-VEGF therapies in neovascular AMD,” Eye (Basingstoke), vol. 29, no. 6, pp. 721–731, 2015. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- A. K. H. Kwok, T. Y. Y. Lai, C. W. N. Chan, E.-L. Neoh, and D. S. C. Lam, “Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy in Chinese patients,” British Journal of Ophthalmology, vol. 86, no. 8, pp. 892–897, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- B. A. Lafaut, A. M. Leys, B. Snyers, F. Rasquin, and J. J. De Laey, “Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy in Caucasians,” Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology, vol. 238, no. 9, pp. 752–259, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- G. Coppens, L. A. Spielberg, and A. Leys, “Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy, diagnosis and management,” Bulletin De La Societe Belge D'Ophtalmologie, vol. 317, pp. 39–44, 2011. View at Google Scholar
- F. Gomi and Y. Tano, “Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy and treatments,” Current Opinion in Ophthalmology, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 208–212, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- P. Tranos, A. Vacalis, S. Asteriadis et al., “Resistance to antivascular endothelial growth factor treatment in age-related macular degeneration,” Drug Design, Development and Therapy, vol. 7, pp. 485–490, 2013. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- J.-P. Tong, W.-M. Chan, D. T. L. Liu et al., “Aqueous humor levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and pigment epithelium-derived factor in polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy and choroidal neovascularization,” American Journal of Ophthalmology, vol. 141, no. 3, pp. 456–462, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- Y. Imamura, M. Engelbert, T. Iida, K. B. Freund, and L. A. Yannuzzi, “Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy: A Review,” Survey of Ophthalmology, vol. 55, no. 6, pp. 501–515, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- J. Kumar Chhablani, “Photodynamic therapy for polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy,” Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology, vol. 249, no. 5, p. 791, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- H. J. Cho, K. M. Kim, H. S. Kim et al., “Intravitreal Aflibercept and Ranibizumab Injections for Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy,” American Journal of Ophthalmology, vol. 165, pp. 1–6, 2016. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- Y. Kawashima, A. Oishi, A. Tsujikawa et al., “Effects of aflibercept for ranibizumab-resistant neovascular age-related macular degeneration and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy,” Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology, vol. 253, no. 9, pp. 1471–1477, 2015. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- K. V. Lu and G. Bergers, “Mechanisms of evasive resistance to anti-VEGF therapy in glioblastoma,” CNS Oncology, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 49–65, 2013. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- A. K. Lucio-Eterovic, Y. Piao, and J. F. De Groot, “Mediators of glioblastoma resistance and invasion during antivascular endothelial growth factor therapy,” Clinical Cancer Research, vol. 15, no. 14, pp. 4589–4599, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- D. C. Darland and P. A. D'Amore, “Blood vessel maturation: Vascular development comes of age,” The Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 103, no. 2, pp. 157-158, 1999. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- P. Carmeliet, L. Moons, A. Luttun et al., “Synergism between vascular endothelial growth factor and placental growth factor contributes to angiogenesis and plasma extravasation in pathological conditions,” Nature Medicine, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 575–583, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- L. E. Benjamin, I. Hemo, and E. Keshet, “A plasticity window for blood vessel remodelling is defined by pericyte coverage of the preformed endothelial network and is regulated by PDGF-B and VEGF,” Development, vol. 125, no. 9, pp. 1591–1598, 1998. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- G. Bergers and D. Hanahan, “Modes of resistance to anti-angiogenic therapy,” Nature Reviews Cancer, vol. 8, no. 8, pp. 592–603, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- P. Carmeliet and R. K. Jain, “Principles and mechanisms of vessel normalization for cancer and other angiogenic diseases,” Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 417–427, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- M. R. Kudelka, H. E. Grossniklaus, and K. J. Mandell, “Emergence of dual VEGF and PDGF antagonists in the treatment of exudative age-related macular degeneration,” Expert Review of Ophthalmology, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 475–484, 2013. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- G. J. Jaffe, T. A. Ciulla, A. P. Ciardella et al., “Dual Antagonism of PDGF and VEGF in Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Phase IIb, Multicenter, Randomized Controlled Trial,” Ophthalmology, vol. 124, no. 2, pp. 224–234, 2017. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- D. S. Boyer, A. N. Antoszyk, C. C. Awh, R. B. Bhisitkul, H. Shapiro, and N. R. Acharya, “Subgroup analysis of the MARINA study of ranibizumab in neovascular age-related macular degeneration,” Ophthalmology, vol. 114, no. 2, pp. 246–252, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- J. H. Lim, S. S. Wickremasinghe, J. Xie et al., “Delay to treatment and visual outcomes in patients treated with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor for age-related macular degeneration,” American Journal of Ophthalmology, vol. 153, no. 4, pp. 678–e2, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- G.-S. Ying, J. Huang, M. G. Maguire et al., “Baseline predictors for one-year visual outcomes with ranibizumab or bevacizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration,” Ophthalmology, vol. 120, no. 1, pp. 122–129, 2013. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- P. K. Kaiser, D. M. Brown, K. Zhang et al., “Ranibizumab for predominantly classic neovascular age-related macular degeneration: subgroup analysis of first-year ANCHOR results,” American Journal of Ophthalmology, vol. 144, no. 6, pp. 850–857, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- B. Chae, J. J. Jung, S. Mrejen et al., “Baseline predictors for good versus poor visual outcomes in the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration with intravitreal anti-VEGF therapy,” Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, vol. 56, no. 9, pp. 5040–5047, 2015. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- A. F. Fercher, C. K. Hitzenberger, W. Drexler, G. Kamp, and H. Sattmann, “In vivo optical coherence tomography,” American Journal of Ophthalmology, vol. 116, no. 1, pp. 113–115, 1993. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- L. K. Chang, H. Koizumi, and R. F. Spaide, “Disruption of the photoreceptor inner segment-outer segment junction in eyes with macular holes,” Retina, vol. 28, no. 7, pp. 969–975, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- Y. Mitamura, S. Mitamura-Aizawa, T. Katome et al., “Photoreceptor impairment and restoration on optical coherence tomographic image,” Journal of Ophthalmology, vol. 2013, Article ID 518170, 7 pages, 2013. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- F. Coscas, G. Coscas, M. Lupidi et al., “Restoration of outer retinal layers after aflibercept therapy in exudative AMD: Prognostic value,” Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, vol. 56, no. 6, pp. 4129–4134, 2015. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- A. Oishi, A. Tsujikawa, K. Yamashiro et al., “One-year result of aflibercept treatment on age-related macular degeneration and predictive factors for visual outcome,” American Journal of Ophthalmology, vol. 159, no. 5, article no. 9214, pp. 853–860, 2015. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- Y. H. Kwon, D. K. Lee, H. E. Kim, and O. W. Kwon, “Predictive findings of visual outcome in spectral domain optical coherence tomography after ranibizumab treatment in age-related macular degeneration,” Korean Journal of Ophthalmology, vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 386–392, 2014. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- H. J. Shin, H. Chung, and H. C. Kim, “Association between foveal microstructure and visual outcome in age-related macular degeneration,” Retina, vol. 31, no. 8, pp. 1627–1636, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- H. Gerding, V. Loukopoulos, J. Riese, L. Hefner, and M. Timmermann, “Results of flexible ranibizumab treatment in age-related macular degeneration and search for parameters with impact on outcome,” Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology, vol. 249, no. 5, pp. 653–662, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- S. S. Wickremasinghe, S. S. Sandhu, L. Busija, J. Lim, D. S. Chauhan, and R. H. Guymer, “Predictors of AMD treatment response,” Ophthalmology, vol. 119, no. 11, pp. 2413-2414, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- J. E. Grunwald, E. Daniel, J. Huang et al., “Risk of Geographic Atrophy in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials,” Ophthalmology, vol. 121, no. 1, pp. 150–161, 2014. View at Google Scholar
- A. C. Ho, B. G. Busbee, C. D. Regillo et al., “Twenty-four-month efficacy and safety of 0.5 mg or 2.0 mg ranibizumab in patients with subfoveal neovascular age-related macular degeneration,” Ophthalmology, vol. 121, no. 11, pp. 2181–2192, 2014. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- L. H. L. Koh, R. Agrawal, N. Khandelwal, L. Sai Charan, and J. Chhablani, “Choroidal vascular changes in age-related macular degeneration,” Acta Ophthalmologica, 2017. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- C. S. Tan, Y. Ouyang, H. Ruiz, and S. R. Sadda, “Diurnal variation of choroidal thickness in normal, healthy subjects measured by spectral domain optical coherence tomography,” Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 261–266, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- J. Chhablani, P. S. Rao, A. Venkata et al., “Choroidal thickness profi le in healthy Indian subjects,” Indian Journal of Ophthalmology, vol. 62, no. 11, pp. 1060–1063, 2014. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- V. Manjunath, M. Taha, J. G. Fujimoto, and J. S. Duker, “Choroidal thickness in normal eyes measured using cirrus HD optical coherence tomography,” American Journal of Ophthalmology, vol. 150, no. 3, pp. 325.e1–329.e1, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- Y. T. Kim, S. W. Kang, and K. H. Bai, “Choroidal thickness in both eyes of patients with unilaterally active central serous chorioretinopathy,” Eye, vol. 25, no. 12, pp. 1635–1640, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- V. Manjunath, J. Goren, J. G. Fujimoto, and J. S. Duker, “Analysis of choroidal thickness in age-related macular degeneration using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography,” American Journal of Ophthalmology, vol. 152, no. 4, pp. 663–668, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- J. Chhablani and G. Barteselli, “Clinical applications of choroidal imaging technologies,” Indian Journal of Ophthalmology, vol. 63, no. 5, pp. 384–390, 2015. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- H. M. Kang, H. J. Kwon, J. H. Yi, C. S. Lee, and S. C. Lee, “Subfoveal choroidal thickness as a potential predictor of visual outcome and treatment response after intravitreal ranibizumab injections for typical exudative age-related macular degeneration,” American Journal of Ophthalmology, vol. 157, no. 5, pp. 1013.e1–1021.e1, 2014. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- M. Gharbiya, L. Iannetti, F. Parisi, U. De Vico, M. L. Mungo, and M. Marenco, “Visual and anatomical outcomes of intravitreal aflibercept for treatment-resistant neovascular age-related macular degeneration,” BioMed Research International, vol. 2014, Article ID 273754, 7 pages, 2014. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- J. Y. Lee, D. H. Lee, J. Y. Lee, and Y. H. Yoon, “Correlation between subfoveal choroidal thickness and the severity or progression of nonexudative age-related macular degeneration,” Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, vol. 54, no. 12, pp. 7812–7818, 2013. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- T. A. Cuilla, G. S. Ying, M. G. Maguire et al., “Influence of the vitreomacular interface on treatment outcomes in the comparison of age-related macular degeneration treatments trials,” Ophthalmology, vol. 122, no. 6, pp. 1203–1211, 2015. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- J. Sebag, “Vitreous in age-related macular degeneration therapy - The medium is the message,” Retina, vol. 35, no. 9, pp. 1715–1718, 2015. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- S. Kang and Y.-J. Roh, “One-year results of intravitreal ranibizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration and clinical responses of various subgroups,” Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 389–395, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- T. Ristau, S. Hillebrand, and D. Smailhodzic, “Prognostic Factors for Long Term Visual Acuity Outcome after Ranibizumab Therapy in Patients with Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration,” Clinical Experimental Ophthalmology, vol. 4, no. 1, p. 264, 2013. View at Google Scholar
- Y. Nomura, H. Takahashi, X. Tan, S. Fujimura, R. Obata, and Y. Yanagi, “Effects of vitreomacular adhesion on ranibizumab treatment in Japanese patients with age-related macular degeneration,” Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology, vol. 58, no. 5, pp. 443–447, 2014. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- S. J. Lee, C. S. Lee, and H. J. Koh, “Posterior vitreomacular adhesion and risk of exudative age-related macular degeneration: paired eye study,” American Journal of Ophthalmology, vol. 147, no. 4, pp. 621.e1–626.e1, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- S. M. Waldstein, U. Sponer, C. Simader, S. Sacu, and U. Schmidt-Erfurth, “Influence of vitreomacular adhesion on the development of exudative age-related macular degeneration: 4-year results of a longitudinal study,” Retina, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 424–433, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- S. A. Zweifel, M. Engelbert, K. Laud, R. Margolis, R. F. Spaide, and K. B. Freund, “Outer retinal tubulation a novel optical coherence tomography finding,” JAMA Ophtalmology, vol. 127, no. 12, pp. 1596–1602, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- K. B. Schaal, K. B. Freund, K. M. Litts, Y. Zhang, J. D. Messinger, and C. A. Curcio, “Outer retinal tubulation in advanced age-related macular degeneration optical coherence tomographic findings correspond to histology,” Retina, vol. 35, no. 7, pp. 1339–1350, 2015. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- R. Hua, L. Liu, Y. Hu, and L. Chen, “The occurrence and progression of outer retinal tubulation in Chinese patients after intravitreal injections of ranibizumab,” Scientific Reports, vol. 5, article no. 7661, 2015. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- J. K. Sun, M. M. Lin, J. Lammer et al., “Disorganization of the retinal inner layers as a predictor of visual acuity in eyes with center-involved diabetic macular edema,” JAMA Ophthalmology, vol. 132, no. 11, pp. 1309–1316, 2014. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- F. Faria-Correia, R. Barros-Pereira, L. Queirós-Mendanha et al., “Characterization of neovascular age-related macular degeneration patients with outer retinal tubulations,” Ophthalmologica, vol. 229, no. 3, pp. 147–151, 2013. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- A. Hariri, M. G. Nittala, and S. R. Sadda, “Outer retinal tubulation as a predictor of the enlargement amount of geographic atrophy in age-related macular degeneration,” Ophthalmology, vol. 122, no. 2, pp. 407–413, 2015. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- M. Suzuki, N. Nagai, K. Izumi-Nagai et al., “Predictive factors for non-response to intravitreal ranibizumab treatment in age-related macular degeneration,” British Journal of Ophthalmology, vol. 98, no. 9, pp. 1186–1191, 2014. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- M. Friedlander, “Fibrosis and diseases of the eye,” The Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 117, no. 3, pp. 576–586, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- U. T. Brunk and A. Terman, “Lipofuscin: mechanisms of age-related accumulation and influence on cell function,” Free Radical Biology & Medicine, vol. 33, no. 5, pp. 611–619, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- C. Ehlken, S. Jungmann, D. Böhringer, H. T. Agostini, B. Junker, and A. Pielen, “Switch of anti-VEGF agents is an option for nonresponders in the treatment of AMD,” Eye (Basingstoke), vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 538–545, 2014. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- B. Heimes, A. Lommatzsch, M. Zeimer et al., “Foveal RPE autofluorescence as a prognostic factor for anti-VEGF therapy in exudative AMD,” Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology, vol. 246, no. 9, pp. 1229–1234, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- A. Saitta, M. Nicolai, P. Neri, M. Reibaldi, A. Giovannini, and C. Mariotti, “Rescue therapy with intravitreal aflibercept for choroidal neovascularization secondary to choroidal osteoma non-responder to intravitreal bevacizumab and ranibizumab,” International Ophthalmology, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 441–444, 2015. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- H. Chen, K.-D. Yu, and G.-Z. Xu, “Association between variant Y402H in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) susceptibility gene CFH and treatment response of AMD: A meta-analysis,” PLoS ONE, vol. 7, no. 8, Article ID e42464, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- B. Kloeckener-Gruissem, D. Barthelmes, S. Labs et al., “Genetic association with response to intravitreal ranibizumab in patients with neovascular AMD,” Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, vol. 52, no. 7, pp. 4694–4702, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- A. N. Antoszyk, L. Tuomi, C. Y. Chung, and A. Singh, “Ranibizumab Combined With Verteporfin Photodynamic Therapy in Neovascular Age-related Macular Degeneration (FOCUS): Year 2 Results,” American Journal of Ophthalmology, vol. 145, no. 5, pp. 862–e3, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- M. Ritter, C. Simader, M. Bolz et al., “Intraretinal cysts are the most relevant prognostic biomarker in neovascular age-related macular degeneration independent of the therapeutic strategy,” British Journal of Ophthalmology, vol. 98, no. 12, pp. 1629–1635, 2014. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- A. Koh, W. K. Lee, L.-J. Chen et al., “Everest study: Efficacy and safety of verteporfin photodynamic therapy in combination with ranibizumab or alone versus ranibizumab monotherapy in patients with symptomatic macular polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy,” Retina, vol. 32, no. 8, pp. 1453–1464, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- M. Larsen, U. Schmidt-Erfurth, P. Lanzetta et al., “Verteporfin plus ranibizumab for choroidal neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration: Twelve-month MONT BLANC study results,” Ophthalmology, vol. 119, no. 5, pp. 992–1000, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- P. A. Campochiaro, A. Khanani, M. Singer et al., “Enhanced Benefit in Diabetic Macular Edema from AKB-9778 Tie2 Activation Combined with Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Suppression,” Ophthalmology, vol. 123, no. 8, pp. 1722–1730, 2016. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus