Review Article

Microsurgical Reconstruction of the Jaws Using Vascularised Free Flap Technique in Patients with Medication-Related Osteonecrosis: A Systematic Review

Table 1

Antiresorptive drugs used in oncologic and nononcologic patients. Btl: bottle; IM: intramuscular; IV: intravenous; MM: multiple myeloma; PO: orally; SC: subcutaneous; SRE: skeletal-related event; Tab: tablet.

Pharmacologic active ingredient FormulationRoute of administrationIndication and frequency

Alendronic acid (sodium salt)Tab 70 mg
Tab 10 mg
POTreatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis (70 mg/week)
Treatment of osteoporosis in men (70 mg/week)
Treatment and prevention of osteoporosis induced by glucocorticoids (70 mg/week)

Alendronic acid + cholecalciferolTab 70 mg/5600 UIPOTreatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis in patients with unsupplemented vitamin D deficit (70 mg/week)

Ibandronic acid (monosodium salt monohydrate)Tab 50 mg
Btl 6 mg/6 ml
Tab 150 mg
Btl 3 mg/3 ml
PO
IV
PO
IV
Prevention of SREs in breast cancer patients with bone metastases (50 mg/day p.o. or 6 mg every 3–4 weeks iv.)
Treatment of hypercalcemia of malignancy
Treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis in patients at high risk of fracture (150 mg/4 weeks p.o. or 3 mg every 3 months iv.)

Neridronate acid
(sodium salt)
Btl 25 mg/2 ml
Btl 100 mg/8 ml
IV/IM.
IV
Osteogenesis imperfecta (2 mg/kg/3 months)
Paget’s bone disease (different schedules)

Pamidronic acid (disodium salt)Btl 15 mg/5 ml
Btl 30 mg/10 ml
Btl 60 mg/10 ml
Btl 90 mg/10 ml
IVPrevention of SREs in breast cancer patients with bone metastases or MM with bone lesions (60–90 mg every 3–4 weeks)
Treatment of hypercalcemia of malignancy

Zoledronic acid (monohydrate)Btl 4 mg/5 ml
Btl 5 mg/100 ml
IV
IV
Prevention of SREs in cancer patients with bone metastases or MM (4 mg every 3–4 weeks).
Treatment of hypercalcemia of malignancy
Treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women, in men at increased risk of fracture, including those with a recent hip fracture from minor trauma (5 mg once per year)
Treatment of bone Paget’s disease

DenosumabBtl 120 mg
Btl 60 mg
SC
SC
Prevention of SREs in cancer patients with bone metastases (120 mg every 4 weeks)
Treatment of hypercalcemia of malignancy.
Osteoporosis (60 mg sc. every 6 months)