Multiple Roles of Exosomal Long Noncoding RNAs in Cancers

Table 1

Overview of exosomal LncRNAs in cancers.

Cancer type	LncRNA	Source	Function	Related genes	Mechanism	Reference
Hepatocellular Carcinoma	Lnc TUC339	Cell	Tumorigenesis	None	Up or down regulation of TUC339 can effectively influence HCC cell proliferation and metastasis	[83]
	Lnc H19 ©	Cell	Tumorigenesis	None	Exosomes released by CD90+ cancer cells can affect HUVECs by promoting tube formation and cell-cell adhesion	[86]
	Lnc-ROR	Cell	Chemoresistance	None	Lnc-ROR can be selectively enriched in extracellular vesicles by TGFβ1 stimulated HCC/ HepG2 cells	[93]
	Lnc-ROR ©	Cell	Tumor cell ischemia	MiR-145–HIF-1α	Lnc-ROR can modulate intercellular responses to hypoxia via the transfer of extracellular-vesicle.	[99]
	Lnc VLDLR	Cell	Chemoresistance	None	Lnc-VLDLR can be transferred by HCC cell derived EVs and promote chemoresistance in recipient cancer cells	[95]
Lung Cancer	MALAT-1 ©	Serum	Biomarker	None	Serum exosomal MALAT-1 was positively associated with tumor stage and lymphatic metastasis	[69]
Gastric Cancer	Lnc 00152 ©	Serum	Biomarker	None	Serum exosomal lnc 00152 was significantly elevated in gastric cancer patients	[64]
	ZFAS1 ©	Serum/Cell	Biomarker/ tumorigenesis	None	ZFAS1 enriched exosomes can endow recipient cell with proliferation and migration	[75]
	HOTTIP ©	Serum	Biomarker	None	Potential biomarker for GC in diagnosis and prognosis	[101]
Colorectal Cancer	CRNDE-h ©	Serum	Biomarker	None	CRNDE-h specificity discriminates CRC patients from NC and benign disease group with high sensitivity	[77]
	Lnc-PVT1	Cell	Potential biomarker	C-Myc	Lnc-PVT1 shows higher expression in more aggressive colorectal cancer cell line	[89]
	KRTAP5-4, MAGEA3 BCAR4	Serum	Potential biomarker	None	Serum exosomal KRTAP5-4, MAGEA3 and BCAR4 provided the greatest predictive ability for colorectal cancer.	[76]
Prostate Cancer	ELAVL1 and RBMX ©	Cell	RNA binding; protein binding	None	N/A	[102]
Cervical Cancer	LncRNA MALAT1, HOTAIR,; MEG3 ©	Cervicovaginal lavage	Biomarker	None	RT-PCR in identify different expression lncRNA in cervicovaginal lavage	[79]
	H19	Cell/ Serum	Biomarker	Tumorigenesis	H19 promotes cell proliferation and multicellular tumor spheroid formation	[82]
Ovarian cancer	Lnc-MEG3	Cell	Drug resistance	MiR-214	Enriched in curcumin treated cell/ mediated cisplatin resistance	[97]
	ENST00000444164, ENST00000437683 ©	Cell	NF-κB phosphorylation	MiR146b-5b/TRAF6/NF-κB/MMP2	Activating the phosphorylation of NF-κB in HUVECs and further affecting tumorogenesis	[87]
Colon Cancer	LncRNA; AC007193.8, RUSC1-AS1, TM4SF1-AS1, DLGAP1-AS1, DLGAP1-AS1, SETD5-AS1, DNAJC27-AS1 TTC28-AS1 ©	Cell	None	None	Different lncRNAs enricher in extracellular vesicle subtypes	[103]
Glioma	Lnc-POU3F3 ©	Cell	Endothelial cell angiogenesis	BFGF, VEGFA, bFGFR, and Angio	Lnc-POU3F3 enriched exosomes may induce HBMEC migration, proliferation, and tube formation	[88]
Bladder Cancer	HOTAIR, HOX-AS-2, MALAT1, SOX2, OCT4, Lnc HYMA1, LINC00477, LOC100506688 and OTX2-AS1©	Urine	Biomarker	None	Potentially serving as biomarkers for UBC diagnosis	[80]
	Lnc-UCA1 ©	Cell	Hypoxic resistance/biomarker	HIF-1α, p27, miR-143	Hypoxic derived lnc-UCA1 enriched exosome can elevate tumorigenesis and induce cell EMT transformation	[90]
	Lnc-UCA1 ©	Cell	Drug resistance	HIF-1α, p27, miR-143	Lnc-UCA1 increases the tamoxifen resistance	[96]
laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma	HOTAIR ©	Serum	Biomarker	None	Diagnose combing serum exosomal miR-21 and HOTAIR can have achieve good sensitivity and specificity	[78]
Renal Cancer	LncARSR ©	Serum/Cell	Biomarker/ Drug resistance	HnRNPA2B1, AKT/FOXO axis, miR-34a, miR-449	LncARSR can be specifically packed into exosomes via hnRNPA2B1; LncARSR enriched exosomes can induce sunitinib sensitivity with resistance.	[60]
Cholangiocarcinoma	ENST00000588480.1, ENST00000517758.1 ©	Bile	Biomarker	None	N/A	[71]

© refers to the articles which confirmed the usage of the term exosome. Other articles used the term EVs instead although the EVs studied in these articles have morphological features of exosomes.