BioMed Research International

Research Article

Insulin Resistance and Cardiovascular Risks in Different Groups of Hemodialysis Patients: A Multicenter Study

Table 1

Characteristics of hemodialysis patients.


	Total sample (n=384)	BMI < 24.0 (n=229)	BMI ≥ 24.0 (n=155)	p value	Non-DM (n=230)	DM (n=154)	p value

Characteristics
Age, years	60.9 ± 11.8	61.0 ± 12.0	60.7 ± 11.5	0.809	59.4 ± 11.9	63.0 ± 11.2	0.003
Gender	223 (58.1%)	127 (55.5%)	96 (61.9%)	0.207	129 (56.1%)	94 (61.0%)	0.335
Dialysis vintage, years	5.5 ± 4.9	6.1 ± 5.4	4.7 ± 4.0	0.007	6.8 ± 5.6	3.7 ± 2.8	<0.001
CCI score	4.7 ± 1.6	4.6 ± 1.6	4.8 ± 1.5	0.295	4.1 ± 1.4	5.5 ± 1.3	<0.001
PA, MET-min/wk	4911.6 ± 1871.8	4874.5 ± 1900.3	4966.5 ± 1833.7	0.637	4964.7 ± 1929.0	4832.4 ± 1786.3	0.498
BMI, kg/m²	23.5 ± 3.9	21.0 ± 1.9	27.2 ± 3.0	<0.001	22.6 ± 3.4	24.9 ± 4.1	<0.001
DM	154 (40.1%)	66 (28.8%)	88 (56.8%)	<0.001	-	-	-
HTN	191 (49.7%)	107 (46.7%)	84 (54.2%)	0.151	108 (47.0%)	83 (53.9%)	0.183
CVD	115 (29.9%)	63 (27.5%)	52 (33.5%)	0.205	55 (23.9%)	60 (39.0%)	0.002
Traditional CVD risks
SBP ≥ 130 mmHg	318 (82.8%)	189 (82.5%)	129 (83.2%)	0.860	181 (78.7%)	137 (89.0%)	0.009
DBP ≥ 85 mmHg	98 (25.5%)	60 (26.2%)	38 (24.5%)	0.710	59 (25.7%)	39 (25.3%)	0.942
TC ≥ 200 mg/dL	64 (16.7%)	33 (14.4%)	31 (20.0%)	0.149	38 (16.5%)	26 (16.9%)	0.926
LDL-C ≥ 100 mg/dL	186 (48.4%)	39 (17.0%)	32 (20.6%)	0.371	45 (19.6%)	26 (16.9%)	0.507
HDL-C < 40 mg/dL for men, < 50 mg/dL for women	253 (65.9%)	133 (58.1%)	120 (77.4%)	<0.001	132 (57.4%)	121 (78.6%)	<0.001
TG ≥ 150 mg/dL	156 (40.6%)	68 (29.7%)	88 (56.8%)	<0.001	68 (29.6%)	88 (57.1%)	<0.001
IFG (FPG ≥ 100 mg/dL, or DM)	267 (69.5%)	145 (63.3%)	122 (78.7%)	0.001	113 (49.1%)	154 (100.0%)	<0.001
Non-traditional CVD risks
Hemoglobin < 11 g/dL	224 (58.3%)	137 (59.8%)	87 (56.1%)	0.471	131 (57.0%)	93 (60.4%)	0.504
Calcium < 8.4 mg/dL	32 (8.3%)	17 (7.4%)	15 (9.7%)	0.017	18 (7.8%)	14 (9.1%)	0.906
Calcium > 9.5 mg/dL	135 (35.2%)	69 (30.1%)	66 (42.6%)		81 (35.2%)	54 (35.1%)
Phosphate < 3.5 mg/dL	27 (7.0%)	16 (7.0%)	11 (7.1%)	0.079	16 (7.0%)	11 (7.1%)	0.992
Phosphate > 5.5 mg/dL	136 (35.4%)	71 (31.0%)	65 (41.9%)		82 (35.7%)	54 (35.1%)
Ca x PO₄ ≥ 55 mg²/dL²	98 (25.5%)	45 (19.7%)	53 (34.2%)	0.001	58 (25.2%)	40 (26.0%)	0.868
i-PTH ≥ 300 pg/mL	164 (42.7%)	99 (43.2%)	65 (41.9%)	0.801	111 (48.3%)	53 (34.4%)	0.007
Hcy > 14 μmol/L	329 (85.7%)	196 (59.6%)	133 (40.4%)	0.953	195 (59.3%)	134 (40.7%)	0.541
hs-CRP > 0.3 mg/L	175 (45.6%)	59 (25.8%)	55 (35.5%)	0.041	60 (26.1%)	54 (35.1%)	0.059
Albumin ≤ 3.5 g/dL	46 (12.0%)	26 (11.4%)	20 (12.9%)	0.646	19 (8.3%)	27 (17.5%)	0.006
Serum K ≥ 5.0 mEq/L	135 (35.2%)	82 (35.8%)	53 (34.2%)	0.745	88 (38.3%)	47 (30.5%)	0.119
HOMA-IR	5.4 (2.2, 11.0)	3.9 (1.7, 9.8)	6.9 (3.8, 14.3)	<0.001	4.1 (1.8, 9.9)	6.4 (3.3, 12.5)	<0.001
Others
Pre-BUN, mg/dL	72.5 ± 19.9	72.6 ± 19.6	72.3 ± 20.5	0.870	73.9 ± 20.7	70.4 ± 18.6	0.090
Post-BUN, mg/dL	20.0 ± 10.4	19.2 ± 12.0	21.2 ± 7.2	0.066	19.6 ± 7.6	20.6 ± 13.5	0.362
Uric acid, mg/dL	7.3 ± 1.3	7.1 ± 1.2	7.5 ± 1.4	0.002	7.4 ± 1.2	7.0 ± 1.3	0.003
Creatinine, mg/dL	11.1 ± 2.2	10.7 ± 1.8	11.7 ± 2.4	<0.001	11.4 ± 2.0	10.6 ± 2.2	0.001
FPG, mg/dL	132.4 ± 58.1	127.2 ± 59.8	139.9 ± 54.9	.036	113.0 ± 41.7	161.3 ± 66.7	<0.001
FPI, μU/mL	17.2 (8.8, 32.0)	14.1 (6.8, 27.0)	23.0 (12.7, 36.8)	<0.001	15.5 (7.6, 32.4)	19.2 (9.7, 31.6)	0.283

Categorical data is shown as n (%). Continuous data is presented as mean ± SD or median (interquartile range). P values calculated using Chi-square test, independent-samples T test, or Mann-Whitney U test.
The diagnosed values were defined by the National Kidney Foundation Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative Work Group.
BMI, body mass index; DM, diabetes mellitus; HTN, hypertension; CVD, cardiovascular diseases; CCI, Charlson comorbidity index; PA, physical activity; MET, metabolic equivalent minute/ week; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; IFG, impaired fasting glucose; CaxPO4, calcium phosphate product; iPTH, intact parathyroid hormone; Hcy, homocysteine; hs-CRP, high sensitive C-reactive protein; K, serum potassium; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; FPI: fasting plasma insulin.