|
| Author | MSC origin | Tumor model | MSC: tumor cell ratio | Outcomes | Mechanisms |
|
| Chaturvedi P et al. [17] | Human bone marrow-derived MSCs | Breast( MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-43) | 1:1 coinjection | Increased metastasis | activation of the hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) |
|
| Walter, M. et al. [21] | Human adipose stromal cells (ASCs) | Human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 | 1:1 coinjection | Increased migration and invasion | Secretion of IL-6 |
|
| Tsai, Kuo–Shu et al. [22] | Human bone marrow-derived MSCs | Human colorectal cancer cell line HT-29 | 1:100 coinjection | Promoted tumor sphere formation and tumor initiation | IL-6 secreted by MSCs signaled through STAT3 |
|
| Zhang, Ting et al. [23] | Human fetal bone marrow stem cells (hBM-MSCs) | 4T1 mouse mammary tumor cell line | 1:1 coinjection | Increased tumor growth | Neovascularization (secretion of macrophage
inflammatory protein-2, vascular endothelial growth factor, transforming growth factor-beta and IL-6) |
|
| El-Haibi, Christelle P. et al. [24] | Human bone marrow-derived MSCs | MDA-MB-231 and MCF7/Ras breast cancer cells | 1:1 coinjection | Enhanced metastasis | Increased de novo production of lysyl oxidase (LOX) |
|
| Patel, Shyam A. et al. [25] | Human bone marrow-derived MSCs | Highly aggressive MDA-MB-231 breast adenocarcinoma, low-invasive MCF-7 breast adenocarcinoma, T47D breast adenocarcinoma, P815 murine mastocytoma | 1:1 (T47D and MSCs 2 × 105 /ml each) were added in 500 μl volumes to attain a 50:1 ratio of mononuclear fractions (PBMC)/MSC and PBMC/T47D | Protected breast cancer cells from immune clearance | Through Tregs, inhibited NK cell and CTL functions |
|
| Chandler, Emily M. et al. [26] | Human adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) | MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 | 1:1 co-injection | Promoted tumorigenesis and angiogenesis | Bidirectional signaling;
ADSCs differentiated into cancer-associated myofibroblasts |
|
| Gonzalez, Maria E. et al. [27] | Human breast cancer metastatic sites-derived MSCs | Breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-231, MCF7, and MDA-MB-436 | MSCs were orthotopically injected into the mammary fat pads (1 × 106 cells/mouse) | Loss of DDR2 in MSCs impaired their ability to promote DDR2 phosphorylation in BC cells, as well as
BC cell alignment, migration, and metastasis | Reduced migration and metastasis |
|
