Efficacy of Terpenoid in Attenuating Aortic Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein-E Deficient Mice: A Meta-Analysis of Animal Studies

Table 1

Characteristics of the included studies.

Study	Terpenoid	Age	Sex	Diet	Study length	Dose	Route	Location of; lesion area	Analysis	Staining	Groups and sample size
Jiang et al., 2016 [19]	Sesquiterpenoid,; artesunate	4W	?	HFD	24W	1.5 mg/kg/d; 5 mg/kg/d; 15 mg/kg/d	i.p.	Thoracic aorta	En face (longitudinal)	Oil red O	Control=6; Sesquiterpenoid low=6; Sesquiterpenoid medium=6; Sesquiterpenoid high=6
Lopez-Franco et al., 2006 [20]	Sesquiterpenoid,; parthenolide	12W	Male	HFD	(1) 10W; (2) 20W	4 mg/kg/d; 10 mg/kg/d; 2 mg/kg/d	i.p.	Aortic root	Cross-sectional	Oil red O	Control=6, 6; Sesquiterpenoid low=4; Sesquiterpenoid medium=9; Sesquiterpenoid high=8
Wang et al., 2016 [21]	Sesquiterpenoid,; patchouli	8W	Female	HFD	10W	40 mg/kg/d	IG	(1) Thoracic and abdominal aorta; (2) Aortic root	(1) En face (longitudinal); (2) Cross-sectional	Oil red O	Control=10, 10; Sesquiterpenoid=10, 10
Li et al., 2018 [22]	Diterpenoid,; pseudolaric acid B	8W	Male	HFD	4W	5 mg/kg/d	IG	(1) Thoracic and abdominal aorta; (2) Aortic root	(1) En face (longitudinal); (2) Cross-sectional	Oil red O	Control=12, 12; Diterpenoid=12, 12
Liu et al., 2012 [23]	Diterpenoid,; ginkgolide B	8W	Male	HFD	8W	20 mg/kg/d	IG	(1) Thoracic aorta; (2) Aortic sinus	(1) En face (longitudinal); (2) Cross-sectional	Oil red O	Control=3, 10; Diterpenoid treatment=3, 10
Liu et al., 2015 [24]	Diterpenoid,; cryptotanshinone	6W	Male	HFD	16W	15 mg/kg/d; 45 mg/kg/d	IG	(1) Aortic root to iliac branches; (2) Aortic sinus	(1) En face (longitudinal); (2) Cross-sectional	Oil red O	Control=6, 6; Diterpenoid low=6, 6; Diterpenoid high=6, 6
Steffens et al., 2005 [25]	Diterpenoid,; delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol	10W	Male	HFD	6W	1 mg/kg/d	IG	Aortic root	Cross-sectional	Sudan IV	Control=8; Diterpenoid treatment=6
Tang et al., 2011 [26]	Diterpenoid,; tanshinone IIA	6W	Male	NCD	20W	10 mg/kg/d; 30 mg/kg/d; 90 mg/kg/d	IG	(1) Aortic arch; (2) Aortic root	(1) En face (longitudinal); (2) Cross sectional	(1) Oil red O; (2) HE	Control=10, 10; Diterpenoid low=10, 10; Diterpenoid medium=10, 10; Diterpenoid high=10, 10
Xu et al., 2011 [27]	Diterpenoid,; tanshinone IIA	6W	Male	HCD	16W	10 mg/kg/d; 30 mg/kg/d	IG	(1) Aortic root to iliac branches; (2) Aortic sinus	(1) En face (longitudinal); (2) Cross-sectional	Oil red O	Control=6, 6; Diterpenoid low=6, 6; Diterpenoid high=6, 6
Xu et al., 2012 [28]	Diterpenoid,; tanshinone IIA	6W	Male	HCD	16W	30 mg/kg/d	IG	Aortic roots	Cross-sectional	Oil red O	Control=6; Diterpenoid treatment=6
Zhao et al., 2016 [29]	Diterpenoid,; tanshinone IIA	8W	Male	HFD	8W	30 mg/kg/d	IG	Thoracic aorta	(1) En face (longitudinal); (2) Cross-sectional	Oil red O	Control=8, 8; Diterpenoid treatment=9, 8
Zhou et al., 2015 [30]	Diterpenoid,; retinoic acid	8W	Male	HFD	8W	2 mg/kg/d	i.p.	Aortic sinus	Cross-sectional	Oil red O	Control=10; Diterpenoid treatment=10
Buus et al., 2011 [31]	Triterpenoid,; oleanolic acid	12W	Male	HFD	8W	100 mg/kg/d	IG	Aortic root to thoracic aorta	En face (longitudinal)	Oil red O	Control=10; Triterpenoid =10
Chen et al., 2012 [32]	Triterpenoid,; corosolic acid	8W	Male	HFD	12W	10 mg/kg/d	Chow	(1) Aortic root to abdominal aorta; (2) Aortic root	(1) En face (longitudinal); (2) Cross-sectional	(1) Sudan IV; (2) HE	Control=8, 8; Triterpenoid=8, 8
Gu et al., 2013 [33]	Triterpenoid,; celastrol	8W	Male	HFD	4W	1 mg/kg/d; 2 mg/kg/d	i.p.	Aortic sinus	Cross-sectional	Oil red O	Control=5; Triterpenoid low=5; Triterpenoid high=5
Gui et al., 2016 [34]	Triterpenoid,; betulin	6W	Male	HFD	12W	20 mg/kg/d; 40 mg/kg/d	Chow	(1) Aortic root to iliac branches; (2) Aortic sinus	(1) En face (longitudinal); (2) Cross-sectional	(1) Sudan IV; (2) Oil red O	Control=6, 6; Triterpenoid low=8, 8; Triterpenoid high=6, 6
Jia et al., 2014 [35]	Triterpenoid,; notoginsenoside R1	9W	Male	HFD	8W	25 mg/kg/d	i.p.	Aortic root	Cross-sectional	HE	Control=9; Triterpenoid treatment=9
Li et al., 2011 [36]	Triterpenoid,; ginsenoside-Rd	6W	?	HFD	12W	20 mg/kg/d	i.p.	Aortic root to iliac branches	En face (longitudinal)	Oil red O	Control=10; Triterpenoid=10
Liu et al., 2016 [37]	Triterpenoid,; ilexgenin A	8W	Male	HFD	16W	12 mg/kg/d	Chow	Aortic sinus	Cross-sectional	HE	Control=10; Triterpenoid =10
Messner et al., 2011 [38]	Triterpenoid,; ursolic acid	8W	Male	HFD	24W	0.9 mg/kg/d; 2.7 mg/kg/d	Drink	Aortic root to iliac branches	En face (longitudinal)	Sudan IV	Control=5; Triterpenoid low=4; Triterpenoid high=5
Tang et al., 2018 [39]	Triterpenoid,; celosins	12W	Male	HFD	4W	10 mg/kg/d; 30 mg/kg/d; 90 mg/kg/d	Chow	Aortic root to iliac branches	En face (longitudinal)	Oil red O	Control=9; Triterpenoid low=9; Triterpenoid medium=10; Triterpenoid high=10
Zhou et al., 2016 [40]	Triterpenoid,; compound K	10W	Male	HFD	8W	1 mg/kg/d; 3 mg/kg/d; 9 mg/kg/d	i.p.	(1) Aortic root to abdominal aorta; (2) Aortic root	(1) En face (longitudinal); (2) Cross-sectional	(1) Oil red O; (2) HE	Control=6, 6; Triterpenoid low=6, 6; Triterpenoid medium=6, 6; Triterpenoid high=6, 6
Dwyer et al., 2001 [41]	Tetraterpenoid,; lutein	12W	Female	NCD	8W	2000 mg/kg/d	Chow	Aortic root	Cross-sectional	Oil red O	Control=7; Tetraterpenoid=9
Han et al., 2015 [42]	Tetraterpenoid,; lutein	8W	Male	HFD	24W	25 mg/kg/d; 50 mg/kg/d; 100 mg/kg/d	Chow	Aortic sinus	Cross-sectional	Oil red O	Control=3; Tetraterpenoid low=3; Tetraterpenoid medium=3; Tetraterpenoid high=3
Zou et al., 2017 [43]	Tetraterpenoid,; astaxanthin	6W	Male	NCD	12W	500 mg/kg/d	Chow	Aortic sinus	Cross-sectional	Oil red O	Control=6; Tetraterpenoid treatment=6

Note: NCD, normal-chow diet; HCD, high-cholesterol diet; HFD, high-fat diet; IG, intragastric; i.p., intraperitoneal injection; HE, hematoxylin and eosin; ? = not reported.