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| Study | Neurological condition | Methods of SCT | Organism (N) | Results |
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| [42] | chronic ischemic stroke | bone marrow-derived mononuclear stem cells (BM-MNC) | human (N=20) | Neurorehabilitation regime and SCT could increase the release of growth factors: vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the microenvironment. |
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| [43] | left thalamic haemorrhagic stroke | autologous bone marrow stem cells | human (case study) | Exercise enhanced the effect of stem cells by helping the mobilization of local stem cells and encouraging angiogenesis. Hence, the concept of neuroregenerative rehabilitation therapy (NRRT) endeavours to combine the impact of neuroregeneration and rehabilitation for a better therapy outcome. |
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| [44] | progressive muscular dystrophy | bone marrow and umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells | human (N=82) | The combination of various therapies: cellular therapies (stem cells) and exercise (neurorehabilitation and neurofacilitation) together yield better outcome than single strategies employed independently. |
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| [45] | muscular dystrophy, spinal cord injury (SCI), cerebral palsy (CP) | autologous bone marrow stem cells | human (N=71) | Stem cells transplantation (SCT) with individually planned neurorehabilitation gave subjective and functional improvement (in 97% of muscular dystrophy cases, in 85% of CP cases), and improvement with respect to muscle strength, urine control, spasticity (all spinal cord injury cases). |
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| [46] | chronic spinal cord injury | neural stem cells | mice (N=80) | The neural stem cell transplantation combined with treadmill training significantly improved spinal cord pathway conduction and increased central pattern generator activity, resulting in significantly improved motor function. |
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| [47] | spinal cord injury (SCI) | human embryonic stem cells (hESC) | human (paraplegic N=136; tetraplegic N=90) | The physiotherapy aided in training of cells and atrophy of limbs, whereas hESC therapy resulted in an overall improvement of the patients with SCI. The hESC therapy along with physiotherapy which addresses the regeneration that is progressing in the patient could herald a new approach in the treatment of SCI. |
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| [48] | spinal cord injury | neural precursors and mesenchymal stem cells | mice (N=44) | The cotransplantation of neural precursors and mesenchymal stem cells can assure a remarkable anatomical and functional recovery following SCI, and such recovery is only partially boosted by enriched environment/exercise. |
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| [49] | spinal cord injury | natural proliferation and phenotypical changes of ependymal cells | rats (N=51) | Physical activity and increased mobility caused the recruitment of progenitors (an increased number of nestin immunoreactive ependymal cells). |
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| [50] | spinal cord injury | autologous bone marrow stem cells (CD45+/CD34-) | rats (N=55) | The combination of bone marrow stem cell therapy (CD45+/CD34-) and exercise training (swimming) resulted in significant functional improvement in acute spinal cord injury. |
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| [51] | amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) | foetal stem cells (FSCs) | human (N=30) | Combined treatment of ALS including the individual program with a complex of kinesiotherapy, respiratory gymnastics and administration of FSCs suspensions proved to objectively inhibit a progression of ALS over the period from 6 to 18 months from the beginning of treatment and contributes to longer life expectancy among the patients. |
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| [52] | amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) | autologous bone marrow mononuclear cell (BM-MNC) | Human (case study) | Cellular transplantation along with intensive rehabilitation resulted in slowing of the disease progression, and improvements in neurological symptoms. |
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