Research Article
Serum Human Epididymis Protein 4 is Associated with Renal Function and Diabetic Kidney Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Table 1
Baseline characteristics of T2DM cohort.
| | | Total (n = 236) | Below-median HE4 (n = 118) | Above-median HE4 (n = 118) | value |
| | Age (y) | 61.6 ± 14.3 | 55.1 ± 11.9 | 68.0 ± 13.7 | <0.001 | | Female, n | 113 (48%) | 59 (50%) | 54 (46%) | 0.515 | | BMI | 23.8 ± 2.8 | 24.0 ± 2.9 | 23.6 ± 2.8 | 0.284 | | Current smoker, n | 38 (16%) | 18 (15%) | 20 (17%) | 0.859 | | Current drinker, n | 32 (14%) | 12 (10%) | 20 (17%) | 0.105 | | Hypertension, n | 115 (49) | 43 (36%) | 72 (61%) | <0.001 | | Coronary heart disease | 14 (6) | 7 (6) | 7 (6) | 0.783 | | Peripheral neuropathy | 143 (61%) | 61 (52%) | 82 (69%) | 0.008 | | Peripheral artery disease | 67 (28%) | 24 (20%) | 43 (36%) | 0.009 | | Diabetic retinopathy | 26 (11%) | 11 (9%) | 15 (13%) | 0.533 | | Diabetic foot ulcers | 16 (7%) | 5 (4%) | 11 (9%) | 0.120 | | Diabetic ketosis | 26 (11%) | 15 (12%) | 11 (9%) | 0.533 | | DKD | 63 (53%) | 4 (5%) | 59 (50%) | <0.001 | | Laboratory measurements | | | | | | eGFR | 94.9 (66.1–115.6) | 106.7 (95.0–128.4) | 66.8 (45.1–94.7) | <0.001 | | Blood glucose | 8.9 (6.3–12.9) | 9.3 (6.8–13.2) | 8.2 (5.8–12.1) | 0.134 | | HbA1c | 9.3 (7.8–11.2) | 9.4 (7.6–11.2) | 9.1 (7.9–11.3) | 1.000 | | Insulin | 9.5 (5.4–14.6) | 9.3 (5.3–13.6) | 10.4 (6.1–15.3) | 0.287 | | C-peptide | 1.9 (0.9–2.7) | 1.8 (0.7–2.5) | 2.1 (1.2–3.1) | 0.007 | | TG | 1.5 (1.1–2.3) | 1.6 (1.1–2.5) | 1.5 (1.2–2.1) | 0.406 | | TC | 4.4 (3.7–5.3) | 4.7 (3.9–5.6) | 4.2 (3.6–5.3) | 0.029 | | HDL-C | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) | 1.0 (0.9–1.2) | 0.007 | | LDL-C | 2.4 (1.8–3.1) | 2.6 (1.9–3.2) | 2.2 (1.7–3.0) | 0.037 | | CRP | 3.2 (1.4–11.7) | 1.9 (1.1–4.6) | 5.6 (2.3–22.6) | <0.001 | | Urea | 5.5 (4.4–7.5) | 4.9 (4.2–5.7) | 7.2 (5.3–10.6) | <0.001 | | Creatinine | 66.0 (55.0–89.8) | 58.0 (50.0–70.0) | 83.5 (62.0–125.3) | <0.001 | | UA | 312.0 (251.0–391.0) | 282.0 (233.0–342.0) | 360.0 (275.5–439.5) | <0.001 |
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T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; HE4, human epididymis protein 4; BMI, body mass index; DKD, diabetic kidney disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; TG, triglyceridecreatinine; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; CRP, C-reactive protein; UA, uric acid.
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