Research Article

Effects of Virtual Reality-Based Exercise Imagery on Pain in Healthy Individuals

Table 1

Participant’s characteristics.

Demographics
 Male gender, n (%)37 (71%)
 Age (years)21 (0.9)
Pain perception
 PPT of the quadriceps (N)61.8 (20.0)
 PPT of the forearm (N)34.7 (11.7)
 HPT of the hand (°C)42.5 (3.2)
Exercise imagery ability
 MIQ-R visual subscale (points)23.4 (3.2)
 MIQ-R kinesthetic subscales (points)23.3 (3.2)
 Delta time between TUG and imagined TUG (%)7.8 (4.7)
  (i) Imagined TUG (seconds)5.9 (1.6)
  (ii) Performed TUG (seconds)7.7 (1.2)
Psychological factors
 STAI state subscale (points)23.4 (4.8)
 STAI trait subscale (points)29.6 (4.3)

PPT, pressure pain thresholds; HPT, heat pain thresholds; MIQ-R, Movement Imagery Questionnaire Revised; TUG, Timed Up and Go test; STAI, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory.
Data from continuous variables are shown in mean and standard deviation (SD). Data from categorical variables are shown in number and (%) of patients.