Effects of Virtual Reality-Based Exercise Imagery on Pain in Healthy Individuals
Table 1
Participant’s characteristics.
Demographics
Male gender, n (%)
37 (71%)
Age (years)
21 (0.9)
Pain perception
PPT of the quadriceps (N)
61.8 (20.0)
PPT of the forearm (N)
34.7 (11.7)
HPT of the hand (°C)
42.5 (3.2)
Exercise imagery ability
MIQ-R visual subscale (points)
23.4 (3.2)
MIQ-R kinesthetic subscales (points)
23.3 (3.2)
Delta time between TUG and imagined TUG (%)
7.8 (4.7)
(i) Imagined TUG (seconds)
5.9 (1.6)
(ii) Performed TUG (seconds)
7.7 (1.2)
Psychological factors
STAI state subscale (points)
23.4 (4.8)
STAI trait subscale (points)
29.6 (4.3)
PPT, pressure pain thresholds; HPT, heat pain thresholds; MIQ-R, Movement Imagery Questionnaire Revised; TUG, Timed Up and Go test; STAI, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Data from continuous variables are shown in mean and standard deviation (SD). Data from categorical variables are shown in number and (%) of patients.