Short-Term and Long-Term Blood Pressure Changes and the Risk of All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality

Table 2

Associations of short- and long-term BP changes with incident all-cause and CVD mortality compared with participants who maintain BP category.

BP Category at Baseline	BP Category at Follow-up	number	Short-term changes in blood pressure			number	Long-term changes in blood pressure			P values#
			Hazard Ratio (95%CI)	P Values	β		Hazard Ratio (95%CI)	P Values	β
Total
All-cause mortality
Normotension	Normotension	1113	1.000 (Ref.)			1324	1.000 (Ref.)
	Prehypertension	1585	1.256(0.793-1.990)	0.332	0.228	3056	1.379(0.895-2.125)	0.146	0.321
	Hypertension	340	1.948(1.118-3.392)	0.019	0.667	1140	1.738(1.099-2.749)	0.018	0.553	0.0033
Prehypertension	Normotension	1876	1.057(0.818-1.366)	0.672	0.055	1932	0.930(0.704-1.228)	0.607	-0.073
	Prehypertension	8416	1.000 (Ref.)			8211	1.000 (Ref.)
	Hypertension	2848	1.439(1.218-1.700)	<0.001	0.364	3769	1.203(1.023-1.414)	0.025	0.185	<0.001
Hypertension	Normotension	486	0.826(0.549-1.244)	0.361	-0.191	641	1.157(0.884-1.516)	0.288	0.146
	Prehypertension	3095	0.766(0.638-0.899)	0.002	-0.267	3819	0.894(0.782-1.021)	0.097	-0.112	<0.001
	Hypertension	4245	1.000 (Ref.)			6614	1.000 (Ref.)
CVD mortality
Normotension	Normotension	1113	1.000 (Ref.)			1324	1.000 (Ref.)
	Prehypertension	1585	0.789(0.360-1.730)	0.554	-0.237	3056	2.351(1.049-5.269)	0.038	0.855	<0.001
	Hypertension	340	1.626(0.666-3.969)	0.286	0.486	1140	1.834(0.765-4.397)	0.174	0.606
Prehypertension	Normotension	1876	0.946(0.643-1.391)	0.777	-0.056	1932	0.975(0.646-1.473)	0.906	-0.025
	Prehypertension	8416	1.000 (Ref.)			8211	1.000 (Ref.)
	Hypertension	2848	1.227(0.963-1.563)	0.098	0.204	3769	1.323(1.047-1.672)	0.019	0.280	0.0012
Hypertension	Normotension	486	0.639(0.355-1.147)	0.133	-0.449	641	1.105(0.778-1.568)	0.578	0.099
	Prehypertension	3095	0.729(0.585-0.908)	0.005	-0.316	3819	0.902(0.765-1.064)	0.222	-0.103	<0.001
	Hypertension	4245	1.000 (Ref.)			6614	1.000 (Ref.)
Men
All-cause mortality
Normotension	Normotension	271	1.000 (Ref.)			320	1.000 (Ref.)
	Prehypertension	578	1.428(0.732-2.784)	0.296	0.356	1263	1.427(0.763-2.667)	0.265	0.355
	Hypertension	117	2.374(1.059-5.323)	0.036	0.865	525	2.001(1.041-3.838)	0.037	0.694	<0.001
Prehypertension	Normotension	682	1.111(0.795-1.552)	0.538	0.105	707	1.036(0.722-1.486)	0.847	0.036
	Prehypertension	4645	1.000 (Ref.)			4707	1.000 (Ref.)
	Hypertension	1498	1.672(1.366-2.047)	<0.001	0.514	2182	1.241(1.023-1.505)	0.029	0.216	<0.001
Hypertension	Normotension	165	0.812(0.442-1.490)	0.501	-0.208	211	1.154(0.789-1.687)	0.460	0.143
	Prehypertension	1723	0.853(0.692-1.052)	0.138	-0.159	1798	0.881(0.738-1.051)	0.160	-0.127
	Hypertension	2459	1.000 (Ref.)			3216	1.000 (Ref.)
CVD mortality
Normotension	Normotension	271	1.000 (Ref.)			320	1.000 (Ref.)
	Prehypertension	578	0.438(0.139-1.378)	0.158	-0.825	1263	2.927(0.888-9.643)	0.078	1.074
	Hypertension	117	4.738(0.508-5.946)	0.379	0.553	525	3.008(0.870-10.403)	0.082	1.101
Prehypertension	Normotension	682	1.009(0.611-1.669)	0.971	0.009	707	1.297(0.783-2.147)	0.313	0.260
	Prehypertension	4645	1.000 (Ref.)			4707	1.000 (Ref.)
	Hypertension	1498	1.401(1.041-1.884)	0.026	0.337	2182	1.354(1.019-1.798)	0.037	0.303	0.2585
Hypertension	Normotension	165	0.354(0.113-1.113)	0.076	-1.038	211	0.869(0.496-1.522)	0.624	-0.140
	Prehypertension	1723	0.792(0.603-1.041)	0.095	-0.233	1798	0.907(0.726-1.131)	0.385	-0.098
	Hypertension	2459	1.000 (Ref.)			3216	1.000 (Ref.)
Women
All-cause mortality
Normotension	Normotension	842	1.000 (Ref.)			1004	1.000 (Ref.)
	Prehypertension	1007	1.032(0.525-2.028)	0.928	0.031	1793	1.255(0.684-2.303)	0.464	0.227
	Hypertension	223	1.515(0.675-3.401)	0.314	0.416	615	1.289(0.656-2.531)	0.461	0.254
Prehypertension	Normotension	1194	1.033(0.691-1.545)	0.873	0.033	1225	0.851(0.549-1.321)	0.472	-0.161
	Prehypertension	3771	1.000 (Ref.)			3504	1.000 (Ref.)
	Hypertension	1350	1.095(0.814-1.472)	0.550	0.090	1587	1.162(0.862-1.567)	0.324	0.150
Hypertension	Normotension	321	0.775(0.435-1.379)	0.386	-0.255	430	1.155(0.786-1.698)	0.464	0.144
	Prehypertension	1372	0.606(0.448-0.822)	0.001	-0.500	2021	0.901(0.743-1.105)	0.318	-0.104	<0.001
	Hypertension	1786	1.000 (Ref.)			3398	1.000 (Ref.)
CVD mortality
Normotension	Normotension	842	1.000 (Ref.)			1004	1.000 (Ref.)
	Prehypertension	1007	1.032(0.331-3.220)	0.956	0.032	1793	1.765(0.572-5.448)	0.323	0.568
	Hypertension	223	1.343(0.350-5.156)	0.667	0.295	615	0.549(0.119-2.543)	0.444	-0.599
Prehypertension	Normotension	1194	0.894(0.486-1.645)	0.719	-0.112	1225	0.697(0.340-1.426)	0.323	-0.362
	Prehypertension	3771	1.000 (Ref.)			3504	1.000 (Ref.)
	Hypertension	1350	0.992(0.651-1.512)	0.970	-0.008	1587	1.343(0.887-2.032)	0.163	0.295
Hypertension	Normotension	321	0.811(0.393-1.677)	0.573	-0.209	430	1.330(0.844-2.094)	0.219	0.285
	Prehypertension	1372	0.610(0.418-0.889)	0.010	-0.494	2021	0.882(0.686-1.133)	0.324	-0.126	<0.001
	Hypertension	1786	1.000 (Ref.)			3398	1.000 (Ref.)

Abbreviations: normotension: subjects with blood pressure (BP) <120/80 mmHg; prehypertension: subjects with BP of 120-139/80-89 mmHg; hypertension: subjects with BP≥140/90mmHg or antihypertensive treatment. Adjusted age, gender, ethnicity, SBP, DBP, BMI, education level, physical activity, current drinking, current smoking, family history of hypertension, history of CVD diseases, history of diabetes, history of hyperlipidemia, and antihypertensive treatment.
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