Characteristics, Risk Factors, and Adverse Outcomes of Hyperkalemia in Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure Patients
Table 3
Characteristics of ACLF patients with acute kidney injury according to presence of hyperkalemia.
Variables
NO AKI
AKI
P-value
No hyperkalemia
Hyperkalemia
No hyperkalemia
Hyperkalemia
N=373
N=18
N=198
N=61
Age (years)
0.115
Male-n%
281(75.3)
15(83.3)
155(78.3)
50(82.0)
1.000
Diabetes-n%
63(16.9)
3(16.7)
39(19.7)
11(18.0)
1.000
Hypertension-n%
45(12.1)
4(22.2)
30(15.2)
9(14.8)
0.479
Etiology of cirrhosis-n ()
Hepatitis B
87(23.3)
7(18.8)
83(41.9)
28(45.9)
0.599
Alcoholic
231(61.9)
11(2.9)
80(40.4)
23(37.7)
0.078
Hepatitis B plus alcoholic
23(6.2)
0
9(4.5)
5(8.2)
0.583
Others
32(8.6)
0
26(13.1)
5(8.2)
0.583
Medications-n
Diuretic (frusemide /spironolactone)
309(82.8)
14(77.8)
183(92.4)
55(90.2)
0.324
Potassium chloride
155(41.6)
5(27.8)
108(54.5)
28(45.9)
0.171
Potassium citrate granules
184(49.3)
7(38.9)
95(48.0)
27(44.3)
0.686
Beta-blockers
22(5.9)
0
15(7.6)
5(8.2)
0.583
Complications of cirrhosis-n
Ascites
300(80.4)
13(72.2)
173(87.4)
54(88.5)
0.090
Bacterial infection
273(73.2)
15(83.3)
185(93.4)
59(96.7)
0.075
Hepatic encephalopathy
93(24.9)
4(22.2)
79(39.9)
29(47.5)
0.063
Gastrointestinal bleeding
53(14.2)
3(16.7)
58(29.3)
25(41.0)
0.091
Clinical and laboratory data at admission
MAP(mmHg)
82.9 ± 11.2■
0.578
Heart rate(beats/minute)
0.269
WBC(×109/L)
0.010
PLT(×109/L)
81.0(51.0-126.0)
75.5(31.8-151.3)
72.5(49.8-115.0)
90.0(55.0-126.0)
0.444
ALB(g/L)
0.177
TBIL(μmol/L )
210.4(131.3-290.7)
281.5(106.7-343.6)
225.5(117.2-360.9)
168.6(104.2-268.3)▲
0.086
INR
2.0(1.7-2.5)
2.3(1.8-3.4)
2.2(1.7-2.9)
2.2(1.8-2.8)
0.532
BUN(mmol/L)
4.8(3.6-6.5)
5.2(3.6-8.4)
8.9(5.1-14.2)
10.5(6.0-16.2)
0.002
Serum Cr(μmol/L)
55.0(46.0-67.0)
63.5(53.8-90.3)■
88.0(63.0-139.0)
95.0(67.5-128.0)
0.013
Serum Na+ (mmol/L)
134.7(131.7-137.5)
132.8(135.0-137.0)
132.3(127.9-135.6)
130.4(125.0-135.3)
0.516
Serum K+(mmol/L)
3.9(3.4-4.2)
4.2(3.6-5.6)■
3.9(3.4-4.3)
4.8(3.8-5.5)▲
0.599
CTP score
11.0(10.0-12.0)
12.0(10.0-13.0)
12.0(11.0-13.0)
12.0(11.0-13.0)
0.398
MELD score
24.5 ± 7.6■
0.767
CLIF-SOFA score
7.0(6.0-8.0)
7.5(7.0-11.3)■
8.0(7.0-10.0)
7.0(6.5-11.0)
0.275
P value between patients with and without AKI with hyperkalemia; P■<0.05 patients without AKI no hyperkalemia versus hyperkalemia; P▲<0.05 patients with AKI no hyperkalemia versus hyperkalemia. MAP, mean arterial pressure; WBC, white blood cells; PLT, platelet; ALB, albumin; TBIL, total bilirubin; INR, international normalized ratio; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; Cr, creatinine; CTP, Child-Tturcotte-Pugh; MELD, Model for End-Stage Liver Disease; CLIF-SOFA, chronic liver failure-sequential organ failure assessment.
