Review Article

A Review on Flavonoid Apigenin: Dietary Intake, ADME, Antimicrobial Effects, and Interactions with Human Gut Microbiota

Table 1

The antibacterial and antifungal effects of apigenin measured by its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). ATCC, American type culture collection; RSKK, Refik Saydam Central Hygiene Institute. MRSA, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; MSSA, methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus; ESβL+, extended-spectrum beta-lactamases; NCTC, National Collection of Type Cultures; NCIMB, National Collection of Industrial, Food and Marine Bacteria; MYA, Meyer et Yarrow; OD, Optical Density.

SpeciesStrain informationMIC μg/mLMethod of determining MICReference

Antibacterial activity

Acinetobacter baumanniiRSKK 020262Broth microdilution with no growth under the microscope[100]
clinical isolate64Broth microdilution with no growth under the microscope[100]

Bacillus cereusclinical isolateNot activeBroth microdilution with no growth under the microscope[101]

Bacillus subtilisATCC 66338Broth microdilution with no growth under the microscope[100]
clinical isolate16Broth microdilution with no growth under the microscope[100]

Enterobacter aerogenesATCC 1304864Broth dilution with no visible growth[76]

Enterobacter cloacaeATCC 1069964Broth dilution with no visible growth[76]
ceftazidime-resistant strain> 512Broth microdilution with no growth[102]

Enterococcus faeciumNCTC 7171Not activeAgar dilution with strong, moderate, weak, or absent growth [103]
NCTC 12202Not activeAgar dilution with strong, moderate, weak, or absent growth [103]
NCTC 12204Not activeAgar dilution with strong, moderate, weak, or absent growth [103]

Enterococcus faecalisATCC 19433> 400Broth microdilution with no growth[104]
ATCC 292128Broth microdilution with no growth under the microscope[100]
NCIMB 775Not activeAgar dilution with strong, moderate, weak, or absent growth [103]
NCTC 12201Not activeAgar dilution with strong, moderate, weak, or absent growth [103]
NCTC 12203Not activeAgar dilution with strong, moderate, weak, or absent growth [103]
clinical isolate128Broth microdilution with no growth under the microscope[100]

Escherichia coliATCC 25922135.12Broth microdilution with no visual turbidity and no growth on agar after incubation[105]
ATCC 25922> 200Agar dilution with no visible bacterial growth[106]
ATCC 11229128Broth dilution with no visible growth[76]
ATCC 14948>400Broth microdilution with no growth[104]
ATCC 352184Broth microdilution with no growth under the microscope[100]
ATCC 35218Not activeBroth microdilution with no growth under the microscope[101]
JM109200Agar dilution with no visible bacterial growth[106]
NCTC 11560Not activeAgar dilution with strong, moderate, weak, or absent growth [103]
NCTC 11954Not activeAgar dilution with strong, moderate, weak, or absent growth [103]
NCTC 12241Not activeAgar dilution with strong, moderate, weak, or absent growth [103]
ESβL+ clinical isolate128Broth microdilution with no growth under the microscope[100]

Helicobacter pyloriATCC 4350425Agar dilution with no visible bacterial growth[106]
ATCC 43504Not activeBroth microdilution with no growth under the microscope[101]
SS125Agar dilution with no visible bacterial growth[106]
clinical isolatesNot activeBroth microdilution with no growth under the microscope[101]

Klebsiella pneumoniaeATCC 10031128Broth dilution with no visible growth[76]
RSKK 5748Broth microdilution with no growth under the microscope[100]
ESβL+ clinical isolate128Broth microdilution with no growth under the microscope[100]

Mariniluteicoccus flavusATCC 10240Not activeBroth microdilution with no growth under the microscope[101]

Proteus mirabilisATCC 70024Broth microdilution with no growth under the microscope[100]
clinical isolateNot activeBroth microdilution with no growth under the microscope[101]
ESβL+ clinical isolate128Broth microdilution with no growth under the microscope[100]

Proteus vulgarisATCC 12454Not activeBroth dilution with no visible growth[76]

Pseudomonas aeruginosaNCTC 8203Not activeAgar dilution with strong, moderate, weak, or absent growth [103]
NCTC 8506Not activeAgar dilution with strong, moderate, weak, or absent growth [103]
ATCC 101452Broth microdilution with no growth under the microscope[100]
NCTC 10662Not activeAgar dilution with strong, moderate, weak, or absent growth [103]
ATCC 27853Not activeBroth microdilution with no visual turbidity and no growth on agar after incubation[105]
ATCC 27853Not activeBroth microdilution with no growth under the microscope[101]
ATCC 27853400Broth microdilution with no growth[104]
ATCC 2785364Broth dilution with no visible growth[76]
clinical isolate32Broth microdilution with no growth under the microscope[100]

Salmonella entericaSerotype Choleraesuis  ATCC 10708>400Broth microdilution with no growth[104]

Staphylococcus aureusATCC 6538Not activeBroth microdilution with no growth under the microscope[101]
FDA 209P (the same as NCTC 7447 or ATCC 6538P)> 128Broth microdilution with no visible growth[107]
MRSA ATCC 10442Not activeBroth microdilution with no visual turbidity and no growth on agar after incubation[105]
ATCC 10832> 1024Broth microdilution with no bacterial growth by [108]
ATCC 13709no inhibitionBroth dilution with no visible growth[76]
ATCC 25923400Broth microdilution with no growth[104]
ATCC 2592316Broth microdilution with no growth under the microscope[100]
ATCC 29213> 1024Broth microdilution with no bacterial growth by [108]
ATCC 33591Low activityAgar dilution with strong, moderate, weak, or absent growth [103]
NCIMB 9968Low activityAgar dilution with strong, moderate, weak, or absent growth [103]
NCTC 6571Low activityAgar dilution with strong, moderate, weak, or absent growth [103]
NCTC 8325-4> 1024Broth microdilution with no bacterial growth by [108]
NCTC 10788Low activityAgar dilution with strong, moderate, weak, or absent growth [103]
NCTC 11940Low activityAgar dilution with strong, moderate, weak, or absent growth [103]
NCTC 11561Low activityAgar dilution with strong, moderate, weak, or absent growth [103]
BAA 1717> 1024Broth microdilution with no bacterial growth by [108]
DU 1090> 1024Broth microdilution with no bacterial growth by [108]
strain Mu504Broth microdilution with no visible growth[107]
20 MRSA and MSSA strains3.9-15.6Disc-diffusion test[75]
MRSA clinical isolate> 128Broth microdilution with no growth under the microscope[100]
34 MRSA clinical isolates> 4000Agar dilution with no growth[109]

Streptococcus pyogenesATCC 12344135.12Broth microdilution with no visual turbidity and no growth on agar after incubation[105]
ATCC 1961550Broth microdilution with no growth[104]

Antifungal activity

Candida albicansATCC 102318Broth microdilution with no growth under the microscope[100]
ATCC 90028Not activeBroth microdilution with no visual turbidity and no growth on agar after incubation[105]

Candida glabrataATCC MYA295067.56Broth microdilution with no visual turbidity and no growth on agar after incubation[105]

Candida parapsilosisATCC 2201916Broth microdilution with no growth under the microscope[100]