Long Noncoding RNAs in Pathological Cardiac Remodeling: A Review of the Update Literature

Table 1

LncRNAs involved in vascular remodeling.

Type	Cellular; origin	LncRNAs	Regulation	Target; genes	Related; functions	References
Hypertension	VSMC	TUG1		miR-145-5p	promote migration and proliferation of VSMCs	Shi et al.[28]
	VSMC	AK098656		myosin heavy chain-11/ fibronectin-1	promote VSMC phenotypic switch	Jin et al. [29]
	VSMC	TRPV1		PI3K/Akt	inhibit VSMC; phenotypic modulation	Zhang et al. [30]
	VSMC/EC	GAS5		β-catenin	affect endothelial activation proliferation, andVSMC phenotypic conversion	Wang et al. [31]
	VSMC	Giver		Nr4a3	promote oxidative stress, VSMC proliferation and vascular inflammation	Das et al. [32]
	VSMC	Lnc-Ang362		miR221/222	promote VSMC proliferation	Leung et al. [33]
Atherosclerosis	VSMC	H19		ACP5; Wnt/β-catenin	promote VSMC proliferation and inhibit apoptosis	Huang et al. [9]; Zhang et al. [11]
	VSMC/EC/; Macrophage	TUG1		miR-21/PTEN; miR-133a; miR26a/FGF1	promote VSMC proliferation,; facilitate EC/ macrophage apoptosis	Li et al. [37]; Chen et al. [38]; Zhang et al. [39]
	VSMC	UCA1		miR-26a/PTEN	suppress VSMC proliferation	Tian et al. [40]
	VSMC	MEG3		miR-26a/Smad1	suppress VSMC proliferation	Bai et al. [41]
	VSMC	APPAT		miR-647,; miR-135b	affect VSMC phenotype shift	Meng et al. [14]
	VSMC	lincRNA-p21		P53	regulate neointima formation, VSMC proliferation and apoptosis	Wu et al. [42]
	VSMC	Neat1		SM-contractile gene	modulate VSMC phenotype conversion	Ahmed et al. [43]
Arterial aneurysm	VSMC	HIF1A-AS1		caspase-3	regulate VSMC apoptosis	He et al. [47]
	VSMC	lincRNA-p21		TGF-β1 signaling	hinder proliferation and promote apoptosis of VSMCs	Hu et al. [48]

VSMC: vascular smooth muscle cell; EC: endothelial cell; TUG1: taurine upregulated 1; TRPV1: transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1; GAS5: growth block specificity 5; Giver: growth factor-and proinflammatory cytokine–induced vascular cell-expressed lncRNA; UCA1: urothelial carcinoma-associated; MEG3: maternally expressed gene 3; APPAT: atherosclerotic plaque pathogenesis associated transcript; lincRNA-p21: long intergenic noncoding RNA-p21; Neat1: nuclear paraspeckle assembly transcript 1; HIF1A-AS1: HIF1 alpha-antisense RNA1; ACP5: acid phosphatase 5; SM: smooth muscle.