Research Article

Comparison of the Effectiveness of High-Intensity Interval Training in Hypoxia and Normoxia in Healthy Male Volunteers: A Pilot Study

Table 4

Angiogenic factors and cytokine results before and after training in both training groups.

VariablesPretrainingPosttraining95% confidence interval for differences
MeanSDMeanSDMean differencesLower boundUpper bound

Hypoxia group
HIF-1αrest (ng/mL)16.67.832.25.20.0215.6−20.2−9.6
HIF-1αmax (ng/mL)36.511.298.016.40.0161.5−74.7−47.3
NOrest (μmoL/L)11.53.813.13.80.011.6−2.4−0.4
NOmax(μmoL/L)12.86.115.96.00.053.1−7.30.5
ADMArest (μmoL/L)0.40.20.60.10.060.2−0.3−0.02
ADMAmax (μmoL/L)0.70.30.60.30.07−0.100.4
VEGFrest (pg/mL)15.98.420.67.50.104.7−9.91.0
VEGFmax (pg/mL)9.56.717.68.10.048.1−16.1−0.4
TGF-βrest (pg/mL)118.510.8134.619.40.0216.1−23.0−9.2
TGF-βmax (pg/mL)129.422.6158.034.80.0128.6−48.4−8.6
TNF-αrest (pg/mL)24.29.835.714.20.0711.5−16.8−5.3
TNF-αmax (pg/mL)36.511.042.318.10.125.8−13.81.8
IL-6rest (pg/mL)1.30.61.91.50.060.6−1.3−0.2
IL-6max (pg/mL)1.40.72.11.30.06−0.1−1.1−0.1
IL-1βrest (pg/mL)3.11.95.93.60.062.8−4.2−2.0
IL-1βmax (pg/mL)3.82.08.13.60.014.3−0.30.2

Normoxia group
HIF-1αrest (ng/mL)18.68.120.110.70.611.5−8.04.9
HIF-1αmax (ng/mL)30.110.437.611.10.057.5−10.8−2.4
NOrest (μmoL/L)12.74.210.73.80.06−2.01.03.1
NOmax(μmoL/L)13.85.112.54.00.90−1.3−0.44.2
ADMArest (μmoL/L)0.50.30.50.20.340−0.10.0
ADMAmax (μmoL/L)0.60.40.70.20.850.1−0.20.2
VEGFrest (pg/mL)17.214.122.615.80.275.4−13.14.1
VEGFmax (pg/mL)8.47.317.411.30.039.0−18.6−0.9
TGF-βrest (pg/mL)121.518.8131.018.80.189.5−19.94.3
TGF-βmax (pg/mL)127.827.0143.042.00.0415.2−26.614.8
TNF-αrest (pg/mL)24.29.835.110.40.0610.9−16.1−5.1
TNF-αmax (pg/mL)34.810.334.37.70.91−0.5−6.87.6
IL-6rest (pg/mL)1.20.80.90.60.22−0.3−0.20.8
IL-6max (pg/mL)1.30.91.11.00.21−0.2−0.10.6
IL-1βrest (pg/mL)3.32.03.13.30.72−0.2−0.60.9
IL-1βmax (pg/mL)3.52.63.31.70.03−0.2−0.5–20.4