Research Article
Comparison of the Effectiveness of High-Intensity Interval Training in Hypoxia and Normoxia in Healthy Male Volunteers: A Pilot Study
Table 4
Angiogenic factors and cytokine results before and after training in both training groups.
| Variables | Pretraining | Posttraining | | 95% confidence interval for differences | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean differences | Lower bound | Upper bound |
| Hypoxia group | HIF-1αrest (ng/mL) | 16.6 | 7.8 | 32.2 | 5.2 | 0.02 | 15.6 | −20.2 | −9.6 | HIF-1αmax (ng/mL) | 36.5 | 11.2 | 98.0 | 16.4 | 0.01 | 61.5 | −74.7 | −47.3 | NOrest (μmoL/L) | 11.5 | 3.8 | 13.1 | 3.8 | 0.01 | 1.6 | −2.4 | −0.4 | NOmax(μmoL/L) | 12.8 | 6.1 | 15.9 | 6.0 | 0.05 | 3.1 | −7.3 | 0.5 | ADMArest (μmoL/L) | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 0.06 | 0.2 | −0.3 | −0.02 | ADMAmax (μmoL/L) | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.07 | −0.1 | 0 | 0.4 | VEGFrest (pg/mL) | 15.9 | 8.4 | 20.6 | 7.5 | 0.10 | 4.7 | −9.9 | 1.0 | VEGFmax (pg/mL) | 9.5 | 6.7 | 17.6 | 8.1 | 0.04 | 8.1 | −16.1 | −0.4 | TGF-βrest (pg/mL) | 118.5 | 10.8 | 134.6 | 19.4 | 0.02 | 16.1 | −23.0 | −9.2 | TGF-βmax (pg/mL) | 129.4 | 22.6 | 158.0 | 34.8 | 0.01 | 28.6 | −48.4 | −8.6 | TNF-αrest (pg/mL) | 24.2 | 9.8 | 35.7 | 14.2 | 0.07 | 11.5 | −16.8 | −5.3 | TNF-αmax (pg/mL) | 36.5 | 11.0 | 42.3 | 18.1 | 0.12 | 5.8 | −13.8 | 1.8 | IL-6rest (pg/mL) | 1.3 | 0.6 | 1.9 | 1.5 | 0.06 | 0.6 | −1.3 | −0.2 | IL-6max (pg/mL) | 1.4 | 0.7 | 2.1 | 1.3 | 0.06 | −0.1 | −1.1 | −0.1 | IL-1βrest (pg/mL) | 3.1 | 1.9 | 5.9 | 3.6 | 0.06 | 2.8 | −4.2 | −2.0 | IL-1βmax (pg/mL) | 3.8 | 2.0 | 8.1 | 3.6 | 0.01 | 4.3 | −0.3 | 0.2 |
| Normoxia group | HIF-1αrest (ng/mL) | 18.6 | 8.1 | 20.1 | 10.7 | 0.61 | 1.5 | −8.0 | 4.9 | HIF-1αmax (ng/mL) | 30.1 | 10.4 | 37.6 | 11.1 | 0.05 | 7.5 | −10.8 | −2.4 | NOrest (μmoL/L) | 12.7 | 4.2 | 10.7 | 3.8 | 0.06 | −2.0 | 1.0 | 3.1 | NOmax(μmoL/L) | 13.8 | 5.1 | 12.5 | 4.0 | 0.90 | −1.3 | −0.4 | 4.2 | ADMArest (μmoL/L) | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.34 | 0 | −0.1 | 0.0 | ADMAmax (μmoL/L) | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 0.85 | 0.1 | −0.2 | 0.2 | VEGFrest (pg/mL) | 17.2 | 14.1 | 22.6 | 15.8 | 0.27 | 5.4 | −13.1 | 4.1 | VEGFmax (pg/mL) | 8.4 | 7.3 | 17.4 | 11.3 | 0.03 | 9.0 | −18.6 | −0.9 | TGF-βrest (pg/mL) | 121.5 | 18.8 | 131.0 | 18.8 | 0.18 | 9.5 | −19.9 | 4.3 | TGF-βmax (pg/mL) | 127.8 | 27.0 | 143.0 | 42.0 | 0.04 | 15.2 | −26.6 | 14.8 | TNF-αrest (pg/mL) | 24.2 | 9.8 | 35.1 | 10.4 | 0.06 | 10.9 | −16.1 | −5.1 | TNF-αmax (pg/mL) | 34.8 | 10.3 | 34.3 | 7.7 | 0.91 | −0.5 | −6.8 | 7.6 | IL-6rest (pg/mL) | 1.2 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 0.22 | −0.3 | −0.2 | 0.8 | IL-6max (pg/mL) | 1.3 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 0.21 | −0.2 | −0.1 | 0.6 | IL-1βrest (pg/mL) | 3.3 | 2.0 | 3.1 | 3.3 | 0.72 | −0.2 | −0.6 | 0.9 | IL-1βmax (pg/mL) | 3.5 | 2.6 | 3.3 | 1.7 | 0.03 | −0.2 | −0.5–2 | 0.4 |
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