[Retracted] Noncoding RNAs Act as Tumor-Derived Molecular Components in Inducing Premetastatic Niche Formation

Table 1

Recently reported ncRNAs-mediated adaptations in a premetastatic niche.

ncRNAs species		Cancer type	Biological function	Mechanism	Refs
miRNA	miR-9	melanoma	promote migration and angiogenesis	target to SOCS5 and activating JAK-STAT signaling pathway	[24]
	miR-16, miR-21, miR-29a	lung cancer	promote tumor growth and metastasis	bind with TLR, trigger TLR-mediated pro-metastatic inflammatory response	[30]
	miR-92a	leukemia	regulate endothelial gene expression	Downregulate target gene integrin a5, play a similar role in endogenous miRNAs in HUVECs	[19]
	miR-100-5p, miR-21-5p, miR-139-5p	prostate cancer	modify pre-metastatic niche	increase MMP2, 9, 13, RANKL and fibroblast migration	[29]
	miR-105	breast cancer	promote metastasis	destroy the vascular barriers by downregulating ZO-1	[21]
	miR-122	breast cancer	induce angiogenesis	downregulate the glucose metabolism by decreasing PKM and GLUT1	[26]
	miR-135b	multiple myeloma	enhance endothelial tube formation under hypoxia	suppress FIH-1 in endothelial cells via the HIF-FIH signaling pathway	[20]
	miR-181c	brain-metastatic breast cancer	facilitate migration	downregulate PDPK1 in brain endothelial cells to trigger BBB destruction	[22]
	miR-210	leukemia	affect angiogenesis	exosomes containing a high expression level of miR-210 downregulate EFNA3	[25]
	miR-494, miR-542-3p	pancreatic adenocarcinoma	accelerate the pre-metastatic niche formation	target cdh-17 and over express MMP2 and MMP3	[28]
lncRNA	H19	hepatocellular carcinoma	promote angiogenesis and intercellular adhesion	up-regulate the VEGF, promote MMP9, CXCL12, and the recruitment of BMDCs	[35–37]
	LncRNA Sox2ot	Pancreatic duct adenocarcinoma	promote the invasion and metastasis	regulate Sox2 expression by binding the miR-200 family competitively	[38]
	lncRNA MALAT1, linc-ROR	anaplastic thyroid carcinoma	establish pre-metastatic niche	induce EMT	[39]