Review on Acoustic Droplet Vaporization in Ultrasound Diagnostics and Therapeutics

Table 3

Droplet fabrication method, significances, and specifications used in vascular therapy.

Study	Core material	Shell	Fabrication method	Size before ADV	Size after ADV	Significance	Future potential
Samuel et al. [77]	Perfluoropentane	Albumin	Based on mixing saline containing bovine serum albumin and perfluoropentane	2 μm	76 36 μm (in capillaries), 25 11 μm (in feeder vessel)	Vaporizing in the capillaries causes vessel damage and subsequent leakage of blood cells, but no vessel damage was seen for the feeder vessel	Further improve and optimize gas embolotherapy using ADV-generated PFC bubbles
Kang et al. [52]	Perfluoropentane	DPPC, DSPE-PEG2000, cholesterol	Sonication of a vial containing shell mixture and perfluoropentane	1.3 μm	Up to 8 μm	Possible to predict the mechanical damage severity as a function of droplet vaporization, PNP, phantom stiffness, pulse duration and PRF	Improved control of damage done by ADV in medical applications
Seda et al. [3]	Perfluoropentane	Albumin	Sonication of a vial containing shell mixture and perfluoropentane	1.6 μm	NA	Viability of endothelial cells is lower at the ADV bubble site than at other regions	Control of damage during gas embolotherapy
Pajek et al. [59]	Perfluoropentane	Fluorosurfactant (Zonyl FSO)	Sonication of a vial containing shell mixture and perfluoropentane	136-152 nm (in vitro), 156-207 nm (in vivo)	NA	A lower pressure amplitude is sufficient to induce inertial cavitation if droplets with perfluorocarbon is present in sonothrombolysis	Reduced risk of thermal damage in healthy tissue while efficient sonothrombolysis