Histological, Histomorphometrical, and Biomechanical Studies of Bone-Implanted Medical Devices: Hard Resin Embedding

Table 1

Static and dynamic histomorphometric parameters most frequently adopted for the evaluation of bone-implanted medical device.

Material total area	mm^2	Biomaterial total area
Material total perimeter	mm	Biomaterial total perimeter
Bone area (B.Ar)	mm^2	Measurement of the amount of trabecular bone
Total area (T.Ar)	mm^2	Measurement of the total amount of bone observed
Bone volume/Tissue volume (BV/TV)	%	Measure the percentage of spongy bone including the mineralized bone and the osteoid
Bone perimeter (B.Pm)	mm	Length of the observed bone surface
Bone surface/tissue volume (BS/TV)	mm^2/mm^3	Measure the percentage of spongy bone surface
Trabecular thickness (Tb.Th)	µm	Thickness of trabeculae derived from the Parfitt formula
Trabecular number (Tb.N)	mm^−1	Number of trabeculae per surface unit
Trabecular separation (Tb.Sp)	µm	Measure of the distance between the bone trabeculae
Affinity index or bone-to-implant contact (BIC)	%	Length of the areas of direct osseointegration without fibrous capsule interposition
Bone ingrowth	mm^2	Bone area between the screw and the line that connects the top of the coils/the total area below the top of the coils
Mirror area	mm^2	Specular image to bone ingrowth
Cortical thickness (Ct.Th)	µm	Cortical thickness
Mineral apposition rate (MAR)	µm/day	Average velocity at which individual osteoid lines are mineralized
BFR/BS	µm^3/µm^2/day	Amount of mineralized bone formed per unit of trabecular bone surface per day