Effects of Long-Term Use of Insoles with a Toe-Grip Bar on the Balance, Walking, and Running of Preschool Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Table 2

Comparison of parameters before and after training of the intervention and control groups.

Parameters	Group	Before		After		Main effect of time
		Mean	SD	Mean	SD	-value	value
Total trajectory length (cm)	Intervention	19.36	6.71	17.57	4.74	2.18	0.15
	Control	21.06	5.52	20.64	5.68
Envelope area (cm^2)	Intervention	1.08	0.42	1.08	0.64	0.02	0.88
	Control	1.36	0.83	1.33	0.53
Walking speed (cm/s)	Intervention	111.70	26.72	113.46	22.96	0.63	0.43
	Control	114.26	12.04	108.01	17.77
Cadence (steps/min)	Intervention	145.40	23.28	143.53	19.33	3.12	0.08
	Control	145.25	12.60	138.74	14.72
Stride length (cm)	Intervention	91.69	11.59	94.77	13.50	0.11	0.74
	Control	95.08	8.47	93.28	12.06
Stance time (s)	Intervention	0.48	0.09	0.48	0.08	2.96	0.09
	Control	0.48	0.04	0.50	0.06
Swing time (s)	Intervention	0.36	0.04	0.37	0.04	1.04	0.31
	Control	0.36	0.03	0.37	0.04
25 m running time (s)	Intervention	6.72	0.53	6.46	0.58	5.66	0.02
	Control	6.49	0.67	6.37	0.64

SD: standard deviation; : significant difference before and after the intervention.