Abstract
Granuloma annulare (GA) and interstitial granulomatous dermatitis (IGD) are granulomatous dermatoses with variable clinical appearances. GA is associated with diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, chronic infections, and malignancies, while two Japanese reports described unusual cases of interstitial-type GA in setting of Sjogren syndrome. IGD was associated with rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and autoantibodies. We report a case series of six patients with GA or IGD. Half of the patients were diagnosed with Sjogren syndrome, while all of them presented ANA positivity and the majority reported arthralgia. In many cases, GA showed interstitial-type histology, arising challenges in differential diagnosis with IGD. The overlap of clinical and histological features of GA and IGD can be explained considering them as a broad disease spectrum, including also the other forms of reactive granulomatous dermatitis. These conditions should be considered as an indicator of possible systemic disorders or other immunological dyscrasias, for which patients must be screened. Sjogren syndrome may be associated to GA also in Caucasians.
1. Introduction
Granulomatous dermatoses are a group of clinically and histologically heterogeneous inflammatory skin conditions including granuloma annulare (GA) and reactive granulomatous dermatitis (RGD).
GA was described in association with diabetes mellitus, chronic infections, malignancies, and thyroid autoimmune diseases [1], while in the last decade association with autoimmune systemic diseases was reported in Japanese population. Among these, two GA cases in association with Sjogren syndrome are as follows: one with dermatomyositis and four in the setting of systemic sclerosis or morphoea [2–8]. Clinically, GA erupts usually with ring-like erythematous plaques, scattered coalescing papules, or nodules. While the localized GA classically appears on the hands and feet, the generalized form involves extremities and trunk, and the subcutaneous form usually involves the lower extremities in children. Perforating, patched, macular, pustular, and palmoplantar are rare variants. On histology, mucin with a palisading or interstitial configuration of granulomatous inflammation represents the typical finding [6]. The palisading pattern appears as dermal palisading histiocytes and lymphocytes surrounding a central zone of necrobiotic collagen in upper and middle dermis. In opposition, the interstitial pattern consists of histiocytes scattered around collagen bundles and blood vessels [9].
Under the term RGD, in 2015, Rosenbach et al. unified several granulomatous inflammatory skin reactions with similar clinical and histological features, including palisaded neutrophilic granulomatous dermatitis (PNGD), interstitial granulomatous dermatitis (IGD), and interstitial granulomatous drug reaction (IGDR) [10]. IGD is described in association with autoimmune diseases like arthritis, systemic lupus erythematous, and autoimmune hepatitis, while Verneuil et al. highlighted also the correlation with autoantibodies or rheumatic symptoms like arthralgia. Clinically, it presents with asymptomatic papules and plaques, varying in colour from skin-coloured to erythematous and frequently located in lateral upper trunk, axillae, and proximal upper limbs. Linear, cord-like nodular lesion called “the rope sign” is considered a characteristic manifestation of IGD, despite the low frequency; in fact, it occurs in 9-10% of the cases [11–14]. Histology shows scattered dermal histiocytes among and around foci of degenerated collagen, often rimming altered collagen fibers which may be “floating” (“floating sign”), while usually no vasculitis or mucin are detected.
We present the series of six GA or RGD patients referred to our centre in 2019, describing clinical and histological features, serological findings, and associations.
2. Materials and Methods
Six Italian patients were diagnosed with GA or IGD at our institution over the last year; clinical and histological data were collected, as well as serological analysis for autoantibodies and assessment of comorbidities. In addition, PubMed search was performed focusing on the associations of these granulomatous manifestations.
3. Results
Clinical and histological data are summarized in Table 1. Mean age at diagnosis was 65, and almost all of them were women (5 of 6). Four patients presented multiple erythematous papules or nodules located mainly on thighs, axillae, and dorsal surface of the hands (Figures 1(b), 1(e), 1(d), and 1(f)). In three of them, some lesions were confluent in annular disposition, clinically compatible with GA, while the fourth patient lacked lesions’ confluence (Figure 1(f)); all of them had histological confirmation for GA. One patient presented brownish patches confluent in ring-like form on inner surface of the thighs (Figure 1(c)). Differently, a patient presented skin-coloured papules, with no erythema and no confluence, located at gluteus, hips, axillae, and inner surface of upper limbs (Figure 1(a)). This case was clinically more consistent with IGD. Lesions were symmetric in all cases, while ulceration, excoriation, and cord-like aspect were absent. The patient diagnosed with IGD complained of itch; the other patients did not report skin symptoms. On histologic examination, four cases were consistent with GA, necrobiotic (collagenolytic), or interstitial form. The necrobiotic pattern was characterized by palisading histiocytes and variable number of lymphocytes and neutrophils around a central zone of degenerated collagen fibers and mucin. The interstitial pattern showed collections of histiocytes and lymphocytes dispersed between collagen fibers with interstitial mucin and around blood vessels. In one case, the histological picture of a biopsy taken three years before was consistent with IGD, whereas the second biopsy taken to address the correct diagnosis was compatible with GA (Figure 2(f)). In another case, differentiating interstitial GA from IGD was histologically challenging, and the diagnosis required clinical correlation (Figure 1(a)). Regarding the comorbidities, four of six patients (66%) complained of mild or moderate arthralgia, but none of them was previously investigated for arthritis. Three patients (50%) were diagnosed with Sjogren syndrome, while antinucleus antibodies were positive in all patients with titre ranging from 1 : 80 to 1 : 2560. One patient was already in treatment with hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) for SS and lesions improved after addition of methotrexate, while two cases improved with topical steroids application for 4 weeks. A patient in treatment with HCQ showed complete regression after topical steroids application. Finally, two patients started a treatment with HCQ and topical steroids: one of them had complete disappearing of the lesions, while the other had no improvements after one year.
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4. Discussion
In our case series, five patients were diagnosed with GA. Of them, two were affected by SS: the concomitance of these conditions can possibly be explained by a common pathogenetic link, instead of representing a simple incidental finding. This hypothesis finds support in literature in two similar cases described in Japanese population [2, 3]. However, this possible correlation needs to be clarified collecting data on larger populations. Exceptionally, a patient was diagnosed with interstitial-type GA three years after receiving IGD diagnosis based on the histologic examination of the first biopsy: this is more probably due to a challenging differential diagnosis than to the appearance of both conditions within three years. Indeed, the concurrence of SS, autoimmune thyroiditis, arthralgia, and ANA positivity in this patient could not suggest a diagnosis, as both GA and IGD were reported in association with those comorbidities [15]. Finally, the patient diagnosed with IGD had history of arthralgia, psoriasis, and polymyalgia rheumatica (PR). To date, no cases of association with PR and psoriasis are described.
According to recent data, our cohort shows that GA shares different features with IGD and, more in general, with all RGDs. Indeed, associations of GA with systemic autoimmune conditions are observed, in addition to the previously described correlations with metabolic, endocrine, and neoplastic diseases. Therefore, the spectrum of disease potentially associated with skin granulomatous manifestations such as GA and IGD is similar. Also, the histologic detection of interstitial pattern of dermal infiltration is a common feature, instead of the classic palisading disposition. Two of five patients diagnosed with GA described in our series presented the interstitial-type histology. Differentiating RGD from interstitial form of GA can be challenging when biopsy shows loosely arranged histiocytes and focal mucin deposits: in this setting, clinical correlation is useful to address the correct diagnosis [16].
GA and RGDs can therefore be considered part of the same disease spectrum, as possible, nonspecific reactive manifestation of systemic diseases or serologic immune abnormalities such as ANA. Different systemic conditions could present similar cutaneous manifestations due to a common pathogenesis, depending possibly on immune complexes deposition leading to granulomatous-type inflammation with collagen damaging [1]. Including GA among the RGD group may be a hypothesis to consider, while the growing number of associations reported emphasizes the importance to screen the patients for underlying systemic disorders.
In addition, the high frequency (50%) of patients diagnosed with Sjogren syndrome suggests a stronger correlation with skin granulomatous diseases not only in Asian people, as previously reported, but also in Caucasian patients. Arthralgia should be carefully investigated when reported, as RGDs are associated with arthritis. Therefore, a management in concert with rheumatologists is needed.
A limitation of our work is the limited number of subjects. However, other studies are needed to confirm the association between granulomatous dermatitis and systemic diseases in order to start the correct multidisciplinary management and a proper treatment.
Data Availability
The clinical images used to support the findings of this study are included. The histologic sample pictures used to support the findings of this study are included within the article. The clinical information on patients’ history used to support the findings of this study have not been made available because electronic health record systems are not accessible for obvious reasons of privacy.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Authors’ Contributions
Alberto Corrà collected the clinical and histological data of the patients, contributed to the literature review, and produced the manuscript. Lavinia Quintarelli contributed to the literature review and collected and composed the clinical pictures of the reported cases. Alice Verdelli contributed to the clinical data collection and to the manuscript production by reviewing the English language as indicated in major review. Francesca Portelli provided an accurate histopathological research, performed the histological exam on skin samples, and produced the histologic pictures panel. Daniela Massi significantly contributed to the histologic evaluation of the skin samples and their description. Marzia Caproni projected the whole work, contributing to the collection of clinical data and the manuscript production.