Periodontal Disease and Tooth Loss Are Associated with Lung Cancer Risk

Table 1

Baseline characteristics of the included studies.

Article	Country and year	Study design	Exposure measure	Cancer measure	Age (year)	Follow up (year)	Sample size	Case	Type of exposure	Adjusted variables	Study quality
Guven	Turkey 2019	Cohort study	Exam	Incidence	Median: 57.7	Median: 7.2	5199	32	Periodontal disease	Age and sex	5
Yoon	USA 2019	Case-control study	Self-reported	Incidence	40-79	NR	2015	403	Periodontal disease; tooth loss	BMI, education, household income, COPD, alcohol drinking, smoking status, pack-years, and missing data on oral health	6
Goto	Japan 2019	Cohort study	Self-reported	Mortality	35-70	Median: 10.2	11273	113	Remaining teeth	Age, sex, BMI, pack-years of smoking, alcohol consumption, education level, marital status, physical exercise, and medical history of hypertension and diabetes mellitus	7
Heikkila	Finland 2018	Cohort study	Exam	Mortality	Mean: 43	Mean: 10.1	68273	161	Periodontal disease	Calendar time, age, sex, socioeconomic status, number of teeth, dental treatments, oral health indices, need of periodontal treatment, and diabetes	7
Michaud	USA 2018	Cohort study	Exam	Incidence	44-66	Mean: 14.7	7466	226	Periodontal disease; edentulism	Age, field center, education level, smoking status, smoking duration, drinking status, BMI, diabetes status, sex, HRT use, and race	8
Nwizu	USA 2017	Cohort study	Self-reported	Incidence	54-86	Mean:	65869	855	Periodontal disease	Age, pack-years, and BMI	5
Chrysanthakopoulos	Greece 2016	Case-control study	Exam	Incidence	Mean:	NR	200	64	Periodontal disease	Gender, smoking, socioeconomic level, educational level, age, cancer family history, history of previous pulmonary disease, and annual dental follow-up	6
Arora	Australia 2010	Cohort study	Self-reported	Incidence	Median: 51 (range: 38-77)	Median: 27 (range: 1-41)	15333	225	Periodontal disease	Sex, age, education, employment, number of siblings, smoking status, smoking status of partner, alcohol status, diabetes, and BMI	5
Michaud	USA 2008	Cohort study	Self-reported	Incidence	Range: 40-75	Median: 17.7	48375	678	Periodontal disease; number of teeth	Age, ethnic origin, physical activity, history of diabetes, alcohol, BMI, geographical location, height, calcium intake, total calorific intake, red-meat intake, fruit and vegetable intake, vitamin D score, smoking history, and pack-years	5
Hiraki	Japan 2008	Case-control study	Self-reported	Incidence	58	NR	15720	909	Remaining teeth	Age, sex, smoking and drinking status, vegetable and fruit intake, BMI, and regular exercise	5
Tu	UK 2007	Cohort study	Exam	Mortality	Median: 19 (IQR: 3)	Mean:	12223	NR	Tooth loss	Baseline smoking status	4
Hujoel	USA 2003	Cohort study	Exam	Mortality	Range: 25-74	About 17-21	11328	191	Periodontal disease; edentulism	Age, gender, poverty index, education, race, smoking duration and packs per day, cigar smoking, passive smoke, vitamins A & C and alcohol sampling design	7

BMI: body mass index; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HRT: hormone replacement therapy; IQR: interquartile range; NR: not reported; UK: United Kingdom; USA: United States of America.