Roles and Clinical Applications of Exosomes in Cardiovascular Disease

Figure 2

Application of exosomes in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Multiple stem cells, namely, mesenchymal stromal cells, cardiosphere-derived cells, cardiac progenitor cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, and embryonic stem cells, secrete exosomes containing therapeutic molecules to modulate the macrophage polarization, cardiomyocyte apoptosis, angiogenesis, and other responses in cardiac injury.