The New Biomarker for Cervical Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Endocervical Adenocarcinoma (CESC) Based on Public Database Mining

Ding, Hao; Xiong, Xiao-Xing; Fan, Guan-Lan; Yi, Yue-Xiong; Chen, Yu-Rou; Wang, Jing-Tao; Zhang, Wei

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/5478574

BioMed Research International

On this page

Abstract Introduction Methods Discussion Conclusions Data Availability Conflicts of Interest Authors’ Contributions Acknowledgments Supplementary Materials References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2020 | Article ID 5478574 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/5478574

The New Biomarker for Cervical Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Endocervical Adenocarcinoma (CESC) Based on Public Database Mining

Hao Ding,¹Xiao-Xing Xiong,²Guan-Lan Fan,¹Yue-Xiong Yi,¹Yu-Rou Chen,¹Jing-Tao Wang,¹and Wei Zhang¹

Academic Editor: Himanshu Garg

Received25 Oct 2019

Revised02 Mar 2020

Accepted10 Mar 2020

Published13 Apr 2020

Abstract

To reconstruct the ceRNA biological network of cervical squamous cell carcinoma and endocervical adenocarcinoma (CESC) and to select an appropriate mRNA as a biomarker that could be used for CESC early diagnosis and prognosis evaluation. We downloaded CESC data from the TCGA public database, and statistical analysis was conducted with the R software to find out differential expressed genes encoding for lncRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNAs. The differentially expressed mRNAs (DEmRNAs) screened in the ceRNA network were analyzed for survival to find the mRNAs with significantly linked to the survival prognosis. These mRNAs were searched in the Pathological Atlas to identify the final appropriate mRNAs. Differential expression analysis revealed 773 lncRNAs, 94 miRNAs, and 2466 mRNAs. Survival analysis of DEmRNAs in the ceRNA network indicated that ADGRF4, ANXA8L1, HCAR3, IRF6, and PDE2A () were negatively correlated with survival time. Verification of these six DEmRNAs in the Pathology Atlas indicated that PDE2A was a possible biomarker for CESC patients. PDE2A might be a biomarker for early diagnosis and prognosis evaluation of CESC patients, but due to the lack of available data, further studies may be needed for confirmation.

1. Introduction

Cervical cancers are a leading cause of mortality among women [1], especially in developing countries [2], and they are the second most common gynecological cancer type [3]. At the same time, a large number of patients are diagnosed with cervical cancer every year [4]. Among cervical cancers, the cervical squamous cell carcinoma and endocervical adenocarcinoma (CESC) kind account for 10-15% of all female cancer-related deaths and present the second-highest mortality behind breast cancer [5]. However, until now, medical diagnosis methods have not provided a good biomarker to detect CESC patients early enough. In most cases, patients have already progressed into invasive stages when the cancer is detected. In addition, more issues are appearing. For example, the incidence age is lower [6], and morbidity incidence, as well as recurrence rate, is becoming higher [7]. Therefore, it is important and urgent to find novel biomarkers that can predict the occurrence or evaluate the prognosis of cervical squamous cell carcinoma and endocervical adenocarcinoma (CESC) patients as early as possible.

However, this is not an easy task to do, because the occurrence and development of CESC are a very complex biological process [8], involving molecular, genomics, proteomics, and other biological metabolic processes. Among the participants in these biological processes, the most interesting biomarkers are all the kinds of RNA in cells, including long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), and messenger RNAs (mRNAs). In recent years, research scientists worked to discover the biological link among noncoding RNAs and coding RNAs. Approximately 98% of the human genome is transcribed into noncoding RNAs [9], suggesting many unknown effects on physiological and pathological processes. Research indicates that miRNAs can suppress the translation and induce the degradation of mRNAs, modulating gene expression and function [10], so miRNAs play a critical role in tumor genesis, while lncRNAs were shown to participate in many disease [11] processes. However, the functional role of lncRNAs in CESC is still unknown.

Generally speaking, lncRNAs mainly have a function in chromatin regulation, transcriptional regulation, and regulation of alternative splicing in the nucleus [12]. However, lncRNAs also adsorb related miRNA through competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) [13] and affect mRNA stability and translational regulation in the cytoplasm. The ceRNA hypothesis was first proposed in 2011 [14]. The ceRNA interaction network includes the three vital elements, lncRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNA. lncRNAs act as an endogenous molecular sponge, competitively binding miRNAs via shared miRNA response elements with reverse complementary binding seed regions, and thus indirectly regulating mRNA expression levels [15]. Many scientific studies have now confirmed the ceRNA hypothesis in hepatocellular carcinoma [16], breast cancer [17], and nonsmall cell lung cancer [18]. However, analyses of the CESC ceRNA network are rare and there is a lack of verification of the corresponding clinical data.

The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) platform is a well-known open-source sequence database, which covers more than 30 human cancer types and contains a large amount of clinical and bioinformatics data [19]. It has been an important research database for researchers all over the world. Using information downloaded from the TCGA platform, we were able to analyze the ceRNA network. This may help to elucidate the specific biological mechanisms underpinning CESC progression and suggest appropriate biomarkers. The overall flowchart is shown in (Figure 1).

2. Subjects and Methods

2.1. Data Sets and Preprocessing

Transcriptome RNA-sequencing data of count file of lncRNA, miRNA, and mRNA and clinical information of CESC patients were downloaded from the TCGA data platform (https://tcga-data.nci.nih.gov/tcga/). The screening condition was “Project: TCGA-CESC,” “Experimental Strategy: RNA-Seq,” and “Workflow Type: HTSeq-Counts,” containing 306 CESC Primary Tumor tissues and 3 Solid Normal tissues. lncRNA, miRNA, and mRNA transcription profiles and clinical information of CESC are publicly available and open access. Therefore, approval by a local ethics committee was not needed. Annotation information for lncRNA, miRNA, and mRNA was obtained from the human GENCODE project (https://www.gencodegenes.org/).

2.2. Identification and Analysis of Differentially Expressed Genes (DEGs)

We used the edgeR package (R version 3.6.1) to normalize and analyze significantly differentially expressed lncRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNAs, the selection criteria being ( and FDR adjusted less than 0.05) as determined using the Benjamini-Hochberg method [20]. Differentially expressed lncRNAs (DElncRNAs), miRNAs (DEmiRNAs), and mRNAs (DEmRNAs) were represented on volcano plots and heatmaps.

2.3. Reconstruction of the ceRNA Network

We used the weighted gene coexpression network (WGCNA) algorithm [21] implemented in the WGCNA R package (R version 3.6.1) to reconstruct the ceRNA network. The network was then visualized using Cytoscape [22] 3.7.2 and its topology analyzed with the network analysis plugin MCODE, which computed the possible communities (dense clusters) in the network [23].

2.4. Functional Analysis of mRNAs in the ceRNA Network

DAVID (https://david.ncifcrf.gov/) was used to validate mRNAs in the ceRNA network, to identify enriched pathways in KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, https://www.genome.jp/kegg/) PATHWAYS and biological processes and cell components in Gene Ontology (GO, http://www.geneontology.org/). values <0.05 were used in all enrichment analysis.

2.5. Protein-Protein Interactions of Proteins Encoded by mRNAs in the ceRNA Network

The protein-protein interaction network formed by proteins encoded by mRNAs part of the ceRNA network was constructed using the STRING database [24], and the network was visualized using Cytoscape.

2.6. Statistical Analysis and Survival Analysis of DEmRNAs

For overall survival analyses, the survival R package (R version 3.6.1) was used to analyze the DEmRNAs in the ceRNA network between CESC and normal samples. A value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant.

2.7. Validation of DEmRNAs in the Pathology Atlas

The Human Protein Atlas database [25] (https://www.proteinatlas.org) maps all the human proteins in cells, tissues, and organs. It can help to better understand the expression of different proteins in normal and pathological tissues and provide valuable information to further identify meaningful biological biomarkers.

3. Result

3.1. Differentially Expressed lncRNA (DElncRNAs), miRNA (DEmiRNAs), and mRNA (DEmRNAs)

Using 306 CESC Primary Tumor tissues and 3 Solid Normal tissue expression profiles of lncRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNAs, we identified a total of 2466 DEmRNAs (upregulated 1103, downregulated 1363), 773 DElncRNAs (upregulated 331, downregulated 442), and 94 DEmiRNAs (upregulated 60, downregulated 34). Differentially expressed RNA-encoding genes are shown on volcano plots and heatmaps (Figure 2).

3.2. Reconstruction and Analysis of lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA ceRNA Network and Identification of Hub Nodes

The lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA ceRNA network was reconstructed based on the relationship between differentially expressed lncRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNAs determined with WGCNA and visualized by Cytoscape, the selected soft threshold power parameter were 5,6,5 in the subnetwork of lncRNA-mRNA, lncRNA-miRNA, and miRNA-mRNA (Supplementary Material (available here)). The CESC ceRNA network comprises 156 nodes and 293 edges (Figure 3). hsa-mir-944, hsa-mir-6499, hsa-mir-205, and hsa-mir-203a appear to be hub nodes.

3.3. Functional Enrichment Analyses for DEmRNAs

The Gene Ontology (GO) project [26] provides structured, controlled vocabularies, and classifications that cover several domains of molecular and cellular biology, freely available for community use. Geneset GO enrichment performed with DAVID shows that DEmRNAs are mainly enriched in plasma membrane, extracellular, exosome, and extracellular region. KEGG PATHWAY [27] enrichment analysis shows enrichment in cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC), and Toll-like receptor signaling pathway. These results are shown in (Table 1).

3.4. Protein-Protein Interactions of Proteins Encoded by DEmRNAs

The protein-protein interaction network among proteins encoded by DEmRNAs in ceRNA was constructed using the online tool STRING database, and the network was visualized using Cytoscape. The complete network contains 144 nodes and 285 edges, as shown in (Figure 3).

3.5. Statistical Analysis and Survival Analysis of DEmRNAs

To further identify the DEmRNAs associated with prognosis in 306 ESCC patients, all the DEmRNAs were analyzed with the survival R package Statistical significance at . Survival analysis of all the clinical data shows that the expression of 13 DEmRNAs (C9orf84, CXCL9, DES, FOXP3, IFI30, IL21R, MYH11, ADGRF4, ANXA8L1, HCAR3, IRF6, PDE2A, and TCEAL2) was correlated to the prognosis of patients, among which ADGRF4, ANXA8L1, HCAR3, IRF6, and PDE2A were negatively correlated to survival time (Figure 4).

3.6. Further Filtering and Validation of DEmRNAs in the Pathology Atlas

The Human Protein Atlas database [25] was used to verify the expression of ADGRF4, ANXA8L1, HCAR3, IRF6, and PDE2A in normal and pathological cervical tissues. Ignoring DEmRNAs for which there was no pathological data, we found that there was a differential expression of PDE2A in normal cervical tissues and pathological cervical tissues. PDE2A also presents a high expression in HeLa cell lines, one of cervical cancer cell lines (Figure 5).

4. Discussion

Cervical cancer ranks as the second [28] most common gynecological cancer type and poses a great threat to women’s health. In most cases, patients have already progressed into an advanced stage when they are diagnosed. Concurrent chemoradiotherapy plus brachytherapy are the standard treatment options for cervical cancer patients [29]. However, the prognosis of patients is poor. Therefore, researchers are looking to screen out a suitable biomarker for early diagnosis and prognostic assessment. mRNAs encoding proteins in the tumor tissue play an important role in the development, recurrence, progression, and metastasis of cancer cells. In recent years, noncoding RNAs [30] have been an active field of research, attracting the attention of many researchers. Since mRNAs are located at the heart of many biological metabolic processes, selecting the appropriate mRNA as a biomarker is more meaningful. The core of the ceRNA biometabolic network is made up of lncRNAs, which affect mRNA stability and translational regulation in the cytoplasm through competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) [31] regulation mechanisms, adsorbing miRNAs. This provides a novel research approach that can enable us to better understand the metabolic relationships between lncRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNAs. We thus hope to narrow our search of biomarkers that have biological relationships with tumor cells to more relevant mRNA.

Downloading CSEC data from the TCGA database, using the weighted gene coexpression network (WGCNA) algorithm [21] implemented in the WGCNA R package to reconstruct the ceRNA network, and by survival analysis of the corresponding clinical data, we found that the expressions of a total of 13 DEmRNAs (C9orf84, CXCL9, DES, FOXP3, IFI30, IL21R, MYH11, ADGRF4, ANXA8L1, HCAR3, IRF6, PDE2A, and TCEAL2) were correlated to the prognosis of patients, among which ADGRF4, ANXA8L1, HCAR3, IRF6, and PDE2A were negatively correlated to survival time. Then, by searching the Human Protein Atlas, ignoring the mRNAs for which there is pathological data, PDE2A mRNA was identified as a potential biomarker, with low expression in normal cervical tissue and high expression in tumoral cervical tissue.

PDE2A is highly and specifically expressed in the brain and in certain tumors and involved in the pathophysiology of related diseases [32]. PDE2A is a member of the Phosphodiesterase family (PDE), a family of enzymes that metabolically inactivate the second messengers (cAMP and cGMP) through hydrolysis of the cyclic phosphate and are therefore critical for the termination of the corresponding signaling cascades [33]. Phosphodiesterase 2A (PDE2A) is a dual substrate enzyme hydrolyzing both cAMP and cGMP, both play vital roles as intracellular second messengers [34]. Existing research shows that PDE2A is mainly expressed in brain tissue [35], especially highly expressed in the cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus, but with relatively little expression detected in the midbrain, hindbrain, and cerebellum. Peripheral tissues also display low levels of expression [33]. Among other human tissues, PDE2A is mainly expressed in adrenal glands and vascular endothelial cells, and it has been speculated that PDE2A may be related to vascular permeability [36]. Through Watanabe et al.’s [37] research, we know that PDE2A can regulate the expression of miR-139, and miR-139 was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis and histological invasiveness in nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC). A study on adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) [38] showed that miR-139-5p, which gene is located in the 11q13.4 locus within intron 2 of PDE2A, was overexpressed in ACC patients with poor prognosis. Overexpression of PDE2A was associated with vascular invasion in colorectal cancer cell lines [39], finds overexpressed PDE2A associated with vascular invasion in colorectal cancer cell lines. Doecke et al.’s [40] research proved that PDE2A was significantly associated with survival time in kidney renal papillary cell carcinoma. In early research, professor Hiroshi et al. [41] showed PDE2A expression in malignant melanoma PMP cells. Shen et al. [39] have also shown that PDE2A expression was upregulated in colorectal cancer. Finally, He et al. [42] have shown that PDE2A was significantly associated with the prognosis of liver cancer, using ceRNA network analysis and Multivariate Cox regression analysis.

Most of the current researches on PDE2A are pursued in neuroscience. Conversely, there is very little literature on the direct relationship between PDE2A and tumors, and its involvement in the mechanism of appearance and development of tumors is not clear. Even in neuroscience, the research on PDE2A is still in its infancy. Some researchers [43] have proved that PDE2A inhibitors have the potential for the treatment of cognitive disorders. Gomez et al. [33] have shown that PDE2A inhibitors are useful for the treatment of memory disorders while Nakashima et al. [44] demonstrated that PDE2A inhibitors improve cognitive impairments in rat models of schizophrenia. Other studies [45] have shown that PDE2A is involved in regulating signal transduction in lung macrophages, and upregulated PDE2A [46] expression contributed to lung injury in mice models [47]. Altogether, these early studies have shown that we lack PDE2A research data, and that research focuses on neuroscience. Due to the lack of detailed clinical and experimental data, we cannot accurately evaluate the potential of PDE2A as a biomarker for CESC. However, taking into consideration the expression of PDE2A in pathological tissues from the Human Protein Atlas database, it might be a good biomarker for CESC patients. This provides an encouraging direction for our subsequent research, in order to further illustrate and understand PDE2A expression in human normal and tumoral tissues. Validating whether PDE2A is suitable as a biological indicator in early diagnosis and evaluation of the prognosis of CESC patients is very important.

5. Conclusions

Based on the analysis of data from public databases, PDE2A might be a biomarker for early diagnosis and prognosis evaluation of CESC patients, although the lack of detailed clinical and experimental data requires further studies.

Data Availability

The lncRNA, miRNA, and mRNA expression datasets and clinical information of CESC patients were downloaded from the TCGA data platform (https://tcga-data.nci.nih.gov/tcga/).

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.

Authors’ Contributions

Hao Ding and Guan-Lan Fan contributed to the conception of the study; Yue-Xiong Yi contributed significantly to analysis and manuscript preparation; Xiao-Xing Xiong and Yu-Rou Chen performed the data analyses and wrote the manuscript; Jing-Tao Wang and Wei Zhang helped perform the analysis with constructive discussions. Hao Ding and Xiao-Xing Xiong are equally contributed to this work.

Acknowledgments

Thanks are due to Guan-Lan Fan and Xiao-Xing Xiong for helpful language editing. This work was supported by National Natural Science of China (No. 31170329).

Supplementary Materials

Supplementary Figure 1: the related soft threshold power parameter about the subnetwork to construct the ceRNA. (a) The subnetwork of lncRNA-mRNA. (b) The subnetwork of lncRNA-miRNA. (c) The subnetwork of miRNA-mRNA. (Supplementary Materials)

References

W. Small Jr., M. A. Bacon, A. Bajaj et al., “Cervical cancer: a global health crisis,” Cancer, vol. 123, no. 13, pp. 2404–2412, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. K. Joshi, E. Tonu, M. Hannele et al., “Directional dominance on stature and cognition in diverse human populations,” Nature, vol. 523, no. 7561, pp. 459–462, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
W.-J. Koh, N. R. Abu-Rustum, S. Bean et al., “Cervical Cancer, version 3.2019, NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology,” Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 64–84, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. J. Lahue, E. Baginska, S. S. Li, and M. Parisi, “Health technology assessment on cervical cancer screening, 2000-2014,” International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 171–180, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. I. Ojesina, L. Lichtenstein, S. S. Freeman et al., “Landscape of genomic alterations in cervical carcinomas,” Nature, vol. 506, no. 7488, pp. 371–375, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. D. Shrestha, D. Neupane, P. Vedsted, and P. Kallestrup, “Cervical cancer prevalence, incidence and mortality in low and middle income countries: a systematic review,” Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 319–324, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. R. Kulkarni, H. Rani, M. G. Vimalambike, and S. Ravishankar, “Opportunistic screening for cervical cancer in a tertiary hospital in Karnataka, India,” Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, vol. 14, no. 9, pp. 5101–5105, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. Zhao, Z. Zhang, H. Lou et al., “Exploration of the molecular mechanisms of cervical cancer based on mRNA expression profiles and predicted microRNA interactions,” Oncology Letters, vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 8965–8972, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Yamamura, M. Imai-Sumida, Y. Tanaka, and R. Dahiya, “Interaction and cross-talk between non-coding RNAs,” Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, vol. 75, no. 3, pp. 467–484, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. Rupaimoole and F. J. Slack, “MicroRNA therapeutics: towards a new era for the management of cancer and other diseases,” Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 203–222, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Huarte, “The emerging role of lncRNAs in cancer,” Nature Medicine, vol. 21, no. 11, pp. 1253–1261, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
V. Simion, S. Haemmig, and M. W. Feinberg, “LncRNAs in vascular biology and disease,” Vascular Pharmacology, vol. 114, pp. 145–156, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. J. Park, P. Ji, S. Kim et al., “3 UTR shortening represses tumor-suppressor genes in trans by disrupting ceRNA crosstalk,” Nature Genetics, vol. 50, no. 6, article 118, pp. 783–789, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. Salmena, L. Poliseno, Y. Tay, L. Kats, and P. P. Pandolfi, “A ceRNA hypothesis: the Rosetta Stone of a hidden RNA language?” Cell, vol. 146, no. 3, pp. 353–358, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Bai, J. Long, Z. Liu et al., “Comprehensive analysis of a ceRNA network reveals potential prognostic cytoplasmic lncRNAs involved in HCC progression,” Journal of Cellular Physiology, vol. 234, no. 10, pp. 18837–18848, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. Guo, Y. Li, Y. Chen et al., “DANCR promotes HCC progression and regulates EMT by sponging miR-27a-3p via ROCK1/LIMK1/COFILIN1 pathway,” Cell Proliferation, vol. 52, no. 4, article e12628, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. Gao, X. Qi, X. Zhang, K. Fang, Z. Guo, and L. Li, “hsa_circRNA_0006528 as a competing endogenous RNA promotes human breast cancer progression by sponging miR-7-5p and activating the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway,” Molecular Carcinogenesis, vol. 58, no. 4, pp. 554–564, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. Liu, S. Cui, T. Wan et al., “Long non-coding RNA HOTAIR acts as a competing endogenous RNA to promote glioma progression by sponging miR-126-5p,” Journal of Cellular Physiology, vol. 233, no. 9, pp. 6822–6831, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. Hutter and J. C. Zenklusen, “The cancer genome atlas: creating lasting value beyond its data,” Cell, vol. 173, no. 2, pp. 283–285, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
V. Madar and S. Batista, “FastLSU: a more practical approach for the Benjamini--Hochberg FDR controlling procedure for huge-scale testing problems,” Bioinformatics, vol. 32, no. 11, pp. 1716–1723, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
X. Wan, Z. Kong, K. Chu et al., “Co-expression analysis revealed PTCH1-3UTR promoted cell migration and invasion by activating miR-101-3p/SLC39A6 axis in non-small cell lung cancer: implicating the novel function of PTCH1,” Oncotarget, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 4798–4813, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. Shannon, A. Markiel, O. Ozier et al., “Cytoscape: a software environment for integrated models of biomolecular interaction networks,” Genome Research, vol. 13, no. 11, pp. 2498–2504, 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Assenov, F. Ramírez, S. E. Schelhorn, T. Lengauer, and M. Albrecht, “Computing topological parameters of biological networks,” Bioinformatics, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 282–284, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. von Mering, M. Huynen, D. Jaeggi, S. Schmidt, P. Bork, and B. Snel, “STRING: a database of predicted functional associations between proteins,” Nucleic Acids Research, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 258–261, 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
F. Pontén, K. Jirström, and M. Uhlen, “The human protein atlas—a tool for pathology,” Journal of Pathology, vol. 216, no. 4, pp. 387–393, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
E. C. Dimmer, R. P. Huntley, Y. Alamfaruque et al., “The UniProt-GO annotation database in 2011,” Nucleic Acids Research, vol. 40, no. D1, pp. D565–D570, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Kanehisa, “The KEGG database,” Novartis Foundation Symposium, vol. 247, p. 91, 2002.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. B. Flanagan, “Primary high-risk human papillomavirus testing for cervical cancer screening in the United States: is it time?” Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, vol. 142, no. 6, pp. 688–692, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. H. Pushpa Naga, L. Gurram, S. Chopra, and U. Mahantshetty, “The management of locally advanced cervical cancer,” Current Opinion in Oncology, vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 323–329, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. S. Mattick and I. V. Makunin, “Non-coding RNA,” Human Molecular Genetics, vol. 15, Supplement 1, pp. R17–R29, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Z. Zhong, M. Huang, M. Lv et al., “Circular RNA MYLK as a competing endogenous RNA promotes bladder cancer progression through modulating VEGFA/VEGFR2 signaling pathway,” Cancer Letters, vol. 403, pp. 305–317, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Schröder, B. Wenzel, M. Kranz et al., “Development, synthesis and F-18 labelling of a fluoroalkylated triazine derivative for PET imaging of phosphodiesterase 2A,” European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, vol. 41, p. S197, 2014.
View at: Google Scholar
L. Gomez, M. E. Massari, T. Vickers et al., “Design and synthesis of novel and selective phosphodiesterase 2 (PDE2a) inhibitors for the treatment of memory disorders,” Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, vol. 60, no. 5, pp. 2037–2051, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. Kowalchuk, P. Kanagasundaram, G. Remington, D. Belsham, and M. Hahn, “F235. Differential effects of antipsychotics on neuroinflammation and energy sensing in a hypothalamic cell line,” Schizophrenia Bulletin, vol. 44, Supplement 1, pp. S313–S314, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
V. Salpietro, B. Perez-Dueñas, K. Nakashima et al., “A homozygousloss-of-functionmutation inPDE2Aassociated to early-onset hereditary chorea,” Movement Disorders, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 482–488, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Naganawa, R. N. Waterhouse, N. Nabulsi et al., “First-in-human assessment of the novel PDE2A PET radiotracer 18F-PF-05270430,” Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol. 57, no. 9, pp. 1388–1395, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. Watanabe, Y. Amano, R. Ishikawa et al., “Histone methylation-mediated silencing of miR-139 enhances invasion of non-small-cell lung cancer,” Cancer Medicine, vol. 4, no. 10, pp. 1573–1582, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. Agosta, J. Laugier, L. Guyon et al., “MiR-483-5p and miR-139-5p promote aggressiveness by targeting N-myc downstream-regulated gene family members in adrenocortical cancer,” International Journal of Cancer, vol. 143, no. 4, pp. 944–957, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. Shen, R. Mao, L. Ma et al., “Post-transcriptional regulation of the tumor suppressor miR-139-5p and a network of miR-139-5p-mediated mRNA interactions in colorectal cancer,” FEBS Journal, vol. 281, no. 16, pp. 3609–3624, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. D. Doecke, Y. Wang, and K. Baggerly, “Co-localized genomic regulation of miRNA and mRNA via DNA methylation affects survival in multiple tumor types,” Cancer Genetics, vol. 209, no. 10, pp. 463–473, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Hiroshi, M. Taku, S. Kasumi, O. Kenya, I. Madoka, and T. Toshiro, “Characterization of phosphodiesterase 2A in human malignant melanoma PMP cells,” Oncology Reports, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 1275–1284, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. He, H. Zhao, D. Deng et al., “Screening of significant biomarkers related with prognosis of liver cancer by lncRNA-associated ceRNAs analysis,” Journal of Cellular Physiology, vol. 235, no. 3, pp. 2464–2477, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. Gomez and J. G. Breitenbucher, “PDE2 inhibition: potential for the treatment of cognitive disorders,” Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, vol. 23, no. 24, pp. 6522–6527, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Nakashima, H. Imada, E. Shiraishi et al., “T257. The phosphodiesterase 2A inhibitor TAK-915 ameliorates cognitive impairments and social withdrawal in N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist- induced rat models of schizophrenia,” Biological Psychiatry, vol. 83, no. 9, p. S229, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
O. Rentsendorj, M. Damarla, M. T. Crow, and D. B. Pearse, “Phosphodiesterase 2A contributes to lung injury from intra-tracheal lipopolysaccharide and large tidal volume ventilation in mice,” in A46. Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury: Research and Clinical Aspects, p. A1675, American Thoracic Society, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
O. Rentsendorj, F. D'Alessio, A. Moldobaeva, Y. Eto, and D. B. Pearse, “LPS induced INOS expression is negatively regulated by phosphodiesterase 2A (PDE2A) in lung and peritoneal macrophages,” in C92. Control of Macrophage Polarization and Effector Functions, p. A5062, American Thoracic Society, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
O. Rentsendorj, M. Damarla, M. T. Crow, J.-Y. Choi, F. D'Alessio, and D. B. Pearse, “Phosphodiesterase 2A (PDE2A) upregulates inducible nitric oxide synthase (INOS) in lung injury from intra-tracheal LPS and large tidal volume ventilation in mice,” in A66. Mechanisms of Acute Lung Injury From Cells to Animal Models, p. A2107, American Thoracic Society, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar

Copyright

Copyright © 2020 Hao Ding et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PDF Download Citation

Download other formats

Order printed copies

Views

1491

Downloads

1455

Citations