Swimming as Treatment for Osteoporosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Table 1
Characteristics of the included studies.
Study year
Journal
Country
Design
Mean age
Simple size
Relevant outcomes
Swimming
Placebo
Swimming
Placebo
Andreoli 2012
European journal of clinical nutrition
U.K.
Retrospective study
58.4
60.8
12
24
Total body and regional BMD, BMC, fat mass and lean body mass
Czeczuk 2012
Advances in clinical and experimental medicine
Poland
Case control study
50.7
52.1
18
18
Body fat, BMC, BMD
Mohr 2015
European journal of applied physiology
Germany
Randomized controlled trials
46
45
21
20
BMD, BMC, P1NP, CTx
Greenway 2012
European journal of applied physiology
Germany
Case control study
40.4
43.8
43
44
BMD, BMC
Nagata 2002
Journal of physiological anthropology
Japan
Retrospective study
59.7
60.9
41
22
BMD, height, body weight, and BMI
DB: double-blind; P1NP: procollagen type 1 amino-terminal propeptide; CTx: carboxy-terminal crosslinking telopeptide of type I collagen; BMD: bone mineral density; BMC: bone mineral content.
