Towards Targeted Interventions in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Risk Profiles of People Who Inject Drugs in Haiphong (Vietnam)
Table 2
Profiles’ characteristics.
Profile 1
Profile 2
Profile 3
Profile 4
Profile 5
(12.8%)
(5.7%)
(33.8%)
(23.0%)
(24.7%)
Gender (male/transgender)
174 (98.9)
73 (92.4)
445 (95.3)
288 (90.9)
316 (92.7)
years old
85 (48.3)
51 (64.6)
218 (46.7)
159 (50.2)
178 (52.2)
Grade of school: middle/high, university
124 (70.5)
56 (70.9)
326 (69.8)
219 (69.1)
256 (75.1)
Illegal sources of income
25 (14.2)
22 (27.9)
117 (25.1)
76 (24.0)
56 (16.4)
Single, widowed, divorced
174 (98.9)
73 (92.4)
445 (95.3)
288 (90.9)
316 (92.7)
Homelessness
10 (5.7)
7 (8.9)
29 (6.2)
18 (5.7)
9 (2.6)
Lack of ID card
54 (30.7)
31 (39.3)
167 (35.8)
112 (35.3)
87 (25.5)
Number of years since the first injection of heroin
<5
66 (37.5)
24 (30.4)
113 (24.2)
90 (28.4)
103 (30.2)
5 to <10
38 (21.6)
20 (25.3)
133 (28.5)
83 (26.2)
83 (24.3)
10 to <15
39 (22.2)
14 (17.7)
105 (22.5)
73 (23)
65 (19.1)
≥15
33 (18.8)
21 (26.6)
116 (24.8)
71 (22.4)
90 (26.4)
Number of days of heroin injection, last month
≤15
24 (13.6)
4 (5.1)
32 (6.9)
27 (8.5)
24 (7)
>15
26 (14.8)
10 (12.7)
42 (9)
32 (10.1)
51 (15)
Everyday
126 (71.6)
65 (82.3)
393 (84.2)
258 (81.4)
266 (78)
Number of heroin injections in a typical day, last month
1
22 (12.5)
11 (13.9)
90 (19.3)
36 (11.4)
76 (22.3)
2
91 (51.7)
35 (44.3)
211 (45.2)
126 (39.8)
153 (44.9)
3
55 (31.3)
28 (35.4)
140 (30)
119 (37.5)
97 (28.5)
≥4
8 (4.6)
5 (6.3)
26 (5.6)
36 (11.4)
15 (4.4)
Smoked methamphetamine use
Never
35 (19.9)
6 (7.6)
206 (44.1)
7 (2.2)
132 (38.7)
Ever used but not in the last month
34 (19.3)
16 (20.3)
141 (30.2)
6 (1.9)
124 (36.4)
Used in the last month
107 (60.8)
57 (72.2)
120 (25.7)
304 (95.9)
85 (24.9)
Other drug usea,b
Cannabis only
28 (15.9)
12 (15.2)
125 (26.8)
7 (2.2)
75 (22)
Otherc
60 (34.1)
35 (44)
24 (5.1)
297 (93.7)
27 (7.9)
At-risk alcohol consumptiona
176 (100)
55 (69.6)
393 (84.2)
252 (79.5)
258 (75.7)
Binge drinkinga
159 (90.3)
9 (11.4)
1 (0.2)
0
0
Use of street methadonea
74 (42.1)
42 (53.2)
151 (32.3)
123 (38.8)
143 (41.9)
Currently receiving prescribed methadone
14 (8)
6 (7.6)
57 (12.2)
45 (14.2)
42 (12.3)
Overdose associated with a loss of consciousnessa
11 (6.3)
9 (11.4)
15 (3.2)
3 (1)
9 (2.6)
Use of a shared needle/syringea
1 (0.6)
61 (77.2)
2 (0.4)
1 (0.3)
3 (0.9)
Use of shared water/novocaina
17 (9.7)
55 (69.6)
56 (12)
25 (7.9)
34 (10)
Unsafe sex with a primary partnera
25 (14.2)
11 (13.9)
0
28 (8.8)
59 (17.3)
Unsafe sex with a casual partnera
24 (13.6)
12 (15.2)
15 (3.2)
28 (8.8)
0
Depression and anxiety (PHQ4)
None
129 (73.3)
25 (31.7)
363 (77.7)
204 (64.4)
258 (75.7)
Mild
31 (17.6)
41 (51.9)
76 (16.3)
79 (24.9)
71 (20.8)
Moderate
12 (6.8)
10 (12.7)
23 (4.9)
18 (5.7)
6 (1.8)
Severe
4 (2.3)
3 (3.8)
5 (1.1)
16 (5.1)
6 (1.8)
Ever heard of HCV
110 (62.9)
45 (56.4)
279 (60.1)
205 (65.9)
211 (62.2)
Ever tested for HCV
39 (22.3)
10 (12.8)
116 (25.0)
82 (26.4)
82 (24.3)
aIn the past 6 months; bin addition to heroin and methamphetamine; camong amphetamine, benzodiazepine, cocaine, methadone, and cannabis; values are numbers and percentages (enclosed in parentheses).
