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| Author, year | Study setting and location | Study design and description | Sample size | Type and characteristics of D and A | Results | Type of analysis done | Contributing factors |
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| Asefa et al., 2018 [33] | Addis Ababa, urban | Cross-sectional (interviewer-administered questionnaire) | 57 health professionals from the health center and hospital (convenience sampling) | Slapping, hitting, unattended labor/left alone, privacy not protected, detaining at health facility | 25.9% reported physical abuse, 34.5% privacy was not protected, 13.2% observed unattended labor | Survey data analyzed by tabulations | Normalization of D&A as a culture, high workload, poor support from facility management, discomfort of the working environment |
| Wassihun and Zeleke 2018 [14] | Bahir Dar, urban | Cross-sectional (interviewer-administered questionnaire) | Survey of 284 mothers who gave birth selected randomly | Did not support pain relief, slapped, insult, treated not friendly way | 30.3% with no support in pain relief, 34.5% slapped by, 31.3% insulted, 68.3% of them treated in unfriendly approach | Survey data analyzed by tabulations and logistic regression | Low family monthly income |
| Ukke et al., 2019 [45] | Arba Minch, urban | Cross-sectional (interviewer-administered questionnaire) | Survey of 281 postnatal mothers selected systematically | Nondignified care, doing episiotomy without anesthesia, nonconsented care, discriminated care, abandonment of care | 18.8% sutured their perineum without anesthesia,36.7% nondignified care, 92.5% of nonconsented care, 18.1% perceived discriminatory care | Survey data analyzed by tabulations | Normalization, lack of support from management body, workload and dissatisfaction by the hospital staffs, low socioeconomic status |
| Wassihun et al., 2018 [44] | Bahir Dar, urban | Cross-sectional (interviewer-administered questionnaire) | Survey of 422 households selected by systematic random sampling | Physical force, insult, nonconsented care, physical privacy not respected, personal info discussed with others | 23.2% reported physical force, 27.1% insult, 25.1% report did not obtain any consent, 8.3% reported did not use barriers for privacy, 5.4% claimed their personnel info was discussed | Survey data analyzed by tabulations and bivariate and multivariate for associations | Low maternal family income |
| Banks et al., 2017 [32] | SNNP and AMHARA, rural | Quantitative cross-sectional direct observation (semistructured checklist) | Survey of 204 mothers who gave birth and client-provider interaction was observed in 193 of them selected randomly | Fundal pressure, lack of consent, auditory privacy not respected, physical privacy not respected | 14.1% of them fundal pressure was applied, 68.4% of them lack of consent, 21.1% of them auditory privacy was not respected, 20.7% physical privacy was not provided | Survey data analyzed by tabulation and fishers exact test | Normalization of behavior and circumstances by both woman and provider, high patient flow, failing infrastructure |
| Bobo et al., 2019 [36] | West Oromia, urban-rural | Cross-sectional (interviewer-administered questionnaire) | 807 surveys of mothers who gave birth in the institution, systematic random | Harshly forcing leg apart, shouted at, unconsented episiotomy, and C-section, discriminate on basis of status | 33.8% legs apart harshly, 31.4% report shouting at, in 48.9% of them unconsented episiotomy was done; in 39% of them, physical privacy was not provided. | Survey data analyzed by tabulations and bivariate and multivariate for associations | Experience with the health facility setting, lack of a companion throughout labor and delivery services |
| Siraj et al., 2019 [51] | Jimma, urban | Cross-sectional (interviewer-administered questionnaire) | 290 surveys of immediate postnatal mothers (convenient consecutive sampling) | The right to information not protected, ill-treatment, confidentiality and privacy not protected, detention | 90% reported the right to info denied, 87.9% report physical harm and ill-treatment, 25.9% report detention | Survey data analyzed by tabulation | High patient flow and faced significant resource and staff shortage |
| Mekonnen et al., 2019 [37] | Bale, urban-rural | Cross-sectional (interviewer-administered questionnaire) | 565 surveys of immediate postnatal mothers, multistage then SRS | Verbal abuse and physical threaten | 11% verbally threatened, 17.3% physically abuse | Survey data analyzed by tabulation and chi-square | Not specified |
| Warren et al., 2017 [52] | Hadya zone, urban-rural | Qualitative (focused group discussion and in-depth interview), semistructured checklist | 8 FGD (8 to 10 members per group) and 16 key informant interviews (purposive sampling) | Bad approach, treated neglect and arrogantly, not involvement of companionship | Care providers did not show any empathy, they did not tell what is going on, physical privacy was disgraced in front many people, insulting | Thematic content analysis | Low degree of job satisfaction, routine, and attitudinal |
| Mirkuzie, 2014 [46] | Addis Ababa, urban | Qualitative (in-depth interview), semistructured checklist | 11 women who gave birth at home in IDI and 28 in FGD | Shouting at, not treat them in a respectful way, insulting, misinformation | Yelling at and did not have any empathy, not treating in a women-friendly way, run out of resources, misinformation, and misdiagnosis that creates hesitation | Framework and content analysis | Pregnant migrant women often have low education and low economy |
| Burrowes et al., 2107 [34] | Debre Markos, urban | Qualitative (in-depth interview and FGD), semistructured checklist | 23 women participated in FGD and 19 (4 health care provider and 15 students) in IDI, purposive | Autonomy not respected, verbal abuse, physical abuse, nonconsented care, abandonment | Exacerbation of pain by shouting and insulting, pinching and slapping clients to open up their leg, restriction of fluids and food, deny to adopt preferred position | Framework and content analysis | Shortages of personnel, lack of supplies, heavy workload, low payment compared to effort |
| Tefera and Abeya, 2019 [39] | Bishoftu, semiurban | Mixed (cross-sectional study and FGD), interviewer-administered questionnaire | 351 surveys of pregnant women selected systematically and 6 FGD (8 to 10) selected purposively | Physical harm, prohibition of mothers informed consent, nonconfidential care, abandonment | 18.5% of report episiotomy was done without anesthesia and suturing without antipain, 27.4% reported prohibition of informed consent, not using of screening, scolding and hitting | Survey data analyzed by tabulation and thematic analysis | Lack of infrastructure, normalization, lack of good attitude of health care provider |
| Getachew, 2019 [40] | Hossana, urban-rural | Cross-sectional (interviewer-administered questionnaire) | 577 surveys of mothers selected by systematic random sampling | Neglect and abandon, ineffective communication, loss of autonomy, lack of supportive, discrimination | 44.9% reported lack of informed consent, 21.2% report discussion overheard by others, 20% neglected and abandoned, 5.4% discriminated by status | Survey data analyzed by tabulation | Lack of resource, lack of policy, facility culture, lack of redress mechanisms, |
| Sheferaw et al., 2019 [41] | Oromia, SNNP, Amhara and Tigray, both urban and rural | Cross-sectional (interviewer-administered questionnaire) | 379 surveys of postnatal mothers of selected systematically | Lack of autonomy, poor perception, not responding to questions, no explanation during labor, not allowing companion | Poor rapport between patient and provider was reported in 72% of them, 28% report not allowing birth companion, 56% did not adopt the preferred choice of position during labor | Survey data analyzed by tabulation and bivariate and multivariate for association | High patient volume and workload |
| Gebremichael et al., 2018 [47] | Tigray, urban | Cross-sectional (interviewer-administered questionnaire) | Survey of 1125 of women who gave birth within the preceding year selected by systematically | Shouted at, scolded/insulted, discouraging/become negative, restriction of movement | 12.5% shouted at, 10.5% scolded/insulted, 5% claimed care provider as discouraging,, movement during labor was restricted in 3.8% of them | Analyzed by tabulation and negative binomial and multivariate for association | Not specified |
| Mihret, 2019 [49] | North West Amhara, urban | Cross-sectional (interviewer-administered questionnaire) | Survey of 409 postnatal mothers selected by systematic | Physical abuse, nonconsented care, nonconfidential care, discriminatory care, neglected care | 49.6% experience physical abuse, 63.6% reported nonconsented care, 32.3% report nonconfidential care | Analyzed by tabulation and negative binomial and multivariate for association | Low educational status and residing rural |
| Sheferaw et al., 2017 [31] | Nationwide, urban and rural | Cross-sectional direct observation(semistructured checklist) | 240 of women during labor and delivery were observed | Physical abuse, verbal abuse, privacy violated, abandonment/left alone | 9% experience physical abuse, 8% experience mistreatment of verbal abuse, in 17% of them, privacy was violated and 19% of the mothers were left alone | Chi-square, bivariate and multivariate, tabulation | Insufficient in-service training and preservice education, unavailability of redress mechanism, |
| Bante et al., 2020 [48] | Harar, urban | Cross-sectional (interviewer-administered questionnaire) | Survey of 425 women nominated by systematic random sampling method | Untimed care, unfriendly care, abused care, discriminatory care | 40.2% claimed that the care was unfriendly, 42.1% mothers experience abuse care either physically or verbally, 54.6% of them respond the care was discriminatory on status | Survey data analyzed by tabulation | Congestion of patient with less concentrating of service delivery |
| Asefa and Bekele, 2015 [43] | Addis Ababa, urban | Cross-sectional (interviewer-administered questionnaire) | Survey of 173 women nominated by systematic random sampling | Did not receive pain relief on request, uncaring in a culturally acceptable way, did not obtain consent | 23.7% of them did not receive pain relief upon request, 9.2% of them did not demonstrate culturally acceptable way, 48% did not obtain informed consent | Survey data analyzed by tabulation | Facilities being as teaching hospital, normalization of care |
| Gebremichael et al., 2017 [42] | Tigray, both urban and rural | Qualitative (focused group discussion) (semistructured checklist) | 8 FGD (8 to 10 members per group) which accompanies A total of 62 women who gave birth in the year prior to the study | Did not explain the findings, detention without their will, lack of support for basic physiologic needs | Perform PV multiple times but did not explain the findings, women complain about detention at the health facility for the fear of home delivery, pain was not managed | Thematic and content analysis | Negligent and incompetent providers, scarcity of resources |
| Molla et al. 2017 [35] | SNNP and Amhara, urban and rural | Qualitative (IDI and FGD), semistructured discussion checklist | IDI with 4 midwives and 42 women gave birth at home and institutions, 8 FGD with 63 family members accompanying labor women | Insulting, pushing/hitting, consent not obtained, discrimination based on residence, no physical privacy | Yelled when out of bed, slapping in denying, clenching of legs apart, doing instrumental delivery without consent, differentials in care for urban and rural women | Thematic and content analysis | Disempowerment and loss of autonomy, normalization |
| Bekele et al., 2020 [50] | Oromia, urban | Cross-sectional (interviewer-administered semistructured questionnaire) | Survey of 321 women selected by systematic random sampling | Forcing leg apart, physical and auditory privacy not respected, did not introduce, shouting, ignored when needed | 13.9% report legs harshly apart, 33.5% physical privacy disgraced, 72.2% did not introduce themselves, 13.3% ignored when the care is needed | Survey data analyzed by tabulation | Not specified |
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