Effectiveness of Low-Frequency Stimulation in Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Techniques for Post Ankle Sprain Balance and Proprioception in Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Table 2

Summary of statistical results of the mixed ANOVA and pooled means and standard deviations of all variable measures.

Variables	Group 1; (TENS-PNF); Group 2; (PNF); Control group (CG)	Mean (standard deviation)			Mixed ANOVA ( value)
		Pre; (1)	3^rd week; (2)	5^th week; (3)	Interaction (group and time) effect ( value)	Group () effect ( value)	Time () effect ( value)
Pain VAS (cm)	TENS-PNF				0.608 (0.01)	0.192 (0.002)	0.674 (0.01)
	PNF
	CG
Knee to wall (cm)	TENS-PNF				0.661 (0.01)	0.482 (0.01)	0.661 (0.01)
	PNF
	CG
Dorsi proprioception	TENS-PNF				0.438 (0.01)	0.141 (0.01)	0.390 (0.01)
	PNF
	CG
Plantar proprioception	EG 1				0.520 (0.01)	0.244 (0.01)	0.439 (0.01)
	PNF
	CG
Dorsiflexion ROM	TENS-PNF				0.655 (0.01)	0.064 (0.15)^#	0.622 (0.01)
	PNF
	CG
Plantarflexion ROM	TENS-PNF				0.729 (0.01)	0.148 (0.01)	0.693 (0.01)
	PNF
	CG
Dorsiflexion MS	TENS-PNF				0.741 (0.01)	0.298 (0.01)	0.736 (0.01)
	PNF
	CG
Plantarflexion MS	TENS-PNF				0.594 (0.01)	0.218 (0.01)	0.541 (0.01)
	PNF
	CG
FADI score	TENS-PNF				0.678 (0.01)	0.078 (0.098)^#	0.651 (0.01)
	PNF
	CG

VAS: Visual Analogue Scale; ROM: range of motion; MS: muscle strength; FADI: the Foot and Ankle Disability Index score. Significant effect (). ^#Nonsignificant.