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| Variables | Description |
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| Treatment status | |
| Participation in VHI | Whether the household member participates in VHI (equals 1 if yes/0 if he or she does not participate in any HI programme) |
| Participation in HSHI programmes | Whether the household member participates in the HI programme for the poor, near-poor, policy beneficiaries such as meritorious people (equals 1 if yes/0 if he or she does not participate in any HI programmes) |
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| Outcome variables | |
| Probability of having outpatient visits | Probability of visiting any of the health facilities for outpatient care by an individual in the last 12 months |
| Probability of having inpatient visits | Probability of visiting any of the health facilities for inpatient care by an individual in the last 12 months |
| Number of outpatient visits | Number of outpatient visits by an individual at any of the health facilities in the last 12 months |
| Number of inpatient visits | Number of inpatient visits by an individual at any of the health facilities in the last 12 months |
| Total visits | Total number of visits in the last 12 months |
| Number of visits at the district hospital | Number of visits at district hospital by an individual in the last 12 months |
| Number of visits at the provincial hospital | Number of visits at the provincial hospital by an individual in the last 12 months |
| Probability of having outpatient OOP | Probability of making outpatient OOP by an individual in the last 12 months |
| Probability of having inpatient OOP | Probability of making inpatient OOP by an individual in the last 12 months |
| Outpatient OOP | OOP for outpatient care in the last 12 months |
| Inpatient OOP | OOP for inpatient admission in the last 12 months |
| Total OOP | OOP for outpatient and inpatient care in the last 12 months |
| OOP per visit at the district hospital | OOP per visit at the district hospital in the last 12 months |
| OOP per visit at the provincial hospital | OOP per visit at the provincial hospital in the last 12 months |
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| Explanatory variables | |
| Age group | Age of household members/individual (ordinal variable) equals |
| ≤30 | 1 if the individual belongs to the age group equal or below 30 |
| 31–40 | 2 if the individual belongs to the age group 31–40 |
| 41–50 | 3 if the individual belongs to the age group 41–50 |
| 51–60 | 4 if the individual belongs to the age group 51–60 |
| ≥61 | 5 if the individual belongs to the age group equal to or above 60 |
| Gender (male) | Gender of the individual (1 if male/0 if female) |
| Ethnicity (Kinh and Hoa) | Whether an individual belongs to ethnic Kinh/Hoa group (equals 1 if yes/0 if the individual belongs to a different ethnic minority group) |
| Marital status (married) | Marital status of the individual (1 if married/0 otherwise) |
| Education level | The education level of the individual (ordinal variable) equals |
| Not completed primary school | 1 if the individual did not finish primary school |
| Primary school | 2 if the individual completed primary school |
| Lower secondary | 3 if the individual completed lower secondary school |
| Upper secondary | 4 if the individual completed upper secondary school |
| Vocational school | 5 if the individual completed vocational school |
| College, university, master, PhD | 6 if the individual completed college, university, master, PhD |
| Occupation status | Occupation status of the individual (categorical variable) equals |
| Professionals/technicians | 1 if the individual works as a professional or technician |
| Service or sales staff | 2 if the individual works as a service or sales staff |
| Labourers in agriculture/forestry/fishery | 3 if the individual works in agriculture or forestry or fishery |
| Manual labourers or machine operators | 4 if the individual works as a manual labourer or machine operator |
| Unskilled workers | 5 if the individual works as an unskilled worker |
| Others | 6 if the individual does other jobs/or is not in the labour force |
| Household size | Total household members (continuous variable) |
| Household composition | |
| Share of children below 6 years | Share of children below 6 years in the household (continuous variable) |
| Share of the elders above 60 years | Share of the elders above 60 years in the household (continuous variable) |
| Access to clear water | Whether the household has access to clean water (1 if yes/0 if no) |
| Toilet access | Whether the household has access to a toilet (1 if yes/0 if no) |
| Expenditure quintiles | Based on household consumption expenditure data in the last 12 months, each individual in the household was ranked by their score. The ranking was then divided into five equal parts, from quintile one to quintile five. Each quintile group accounted for 20% of the sample. It is an ordinal variable and equals |
| First expenditure quintile group (poorest) | 1 if the individual belongs to the first expenditure quintile (poorest) |
| Second expenditure quintile group | 2 if the individual belongs to the second expenditure quintile |
| Third expenditure quintile group | 3 if the individual belongs to the third expenditure quintile |
| Fourth expenditure quintile group | 4 if the individual belongs to the fourth expenditure quintile |
| Fifth expenditure quintile group (richest) | 5 if the individual belongs to the fifth expenditure quintile (richest) |
| Number of motorcycles | The number of motorcycles that household possesses (continuous variable) |
| Number of telephones | The number of telephones that household possesses (continuous variable) |
| Number of radio, television, or computer | The number of radio, television, or computer that household possesses (continuous variable) |
| Total residential area (m2) | The total residential area that household has (continuous variable) |
| Number of illness (times) in the last 12 months | Number of times that individual had an illness or severe injury in the last 12 months (continuous variable) |
| Number of illness (days) in the last 12 months | Number of days that individual had an illness or severe injury in the last 12 months (continuous variable) |
| Place of residence (urban) | Whether an individual lives in an urban area (1 if yes/0 if he or she lives in a rural area) |
| Region | The region where individual lives (categorical variable). It equals |
| Red River Delta | 1 if the individual lives in the Red River Delta region |
| Northern Midlands and Mountains | 2 if the individual lives in the Northern Midlands and Mountains |
| North and South Central Coast | 3 if the individual lives in North and South Central Coast |
| Central Highlands | 4 if the individual lives in Central Highlands |
| South East | 5 if the individual lives in South East |
| Mekong River Delta | 6 if the individual lives in Mekong River Delta |
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