Association of Total Dietary Intake of Sugars with Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Concentrations: Evidence from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2003-2010
Table 2
Baseline characteristics of selected participants.
Total sugar intake (gm)
Q1 (0.14-63.68)
Q2 (63.69-103.86)
Q3 (103.91-156.45)
Q4 (156.64-1061.96)
value
N
1336
1335
1335
1336
PSA log2 transform (ng/mL)
0.00 (-3.84-5.32)
0.07 (-3.84-5.23)
-0.04 (-3.84-5.32)
-0.20 (-3.84-5.32)
<0.001
Sociodemographic variables
Age, (years)
61.15 (12.29)
61.03 (12.56)
59.36 (12.74)
54.82 (11.65)
<0.001
Poverty to income ratio, (years)
2.55 (1.58)
2.75 (1.64)
2.85 (1.60)
2.85 (1.63)
<0.001
Race/ethnicity (%)
<0.0001
Mexican American
7.18
6.10
7.79
6.10
Other Hispanic
4.87
4.13
2.40
2.99
Non-Hispanic White
70.66
74.78
77.60
79.50
Non-Hispanic Black
9.73
8.87
9.06
10.18
Other race/ethnicity
7.56
6.12
3.15
1.23
Education (%)
<0.0001
Less than high school
10.19
9.14
6.68
4.31
High school
37.03
30.33
34.70
39.32
More than high school
52.78
60.53
58.62
56.37
Marital status (%)
<0.0001
Married
74.18
73.11
73.08
72.68
Single
21.70
21.05
25.31
19.46
Living with a partner
4.12
5.84
1.61
7.86
Variables of laboratory data
VITD, (ng/mL)
57.83 (22.06)
60.38 (22.39)
61.68 (21.51)
61.88 (21.25)
<0.001
LDL-C, (mg/dL)
113.91 (35.87)
120.84 (37.13)
118.25 (34.96)
119.68 (33.06)
0.004
HDL-C, (mg/dL)
50.03 (16.35)
48.81 (14.33)
48.70 (13.71)
46.66 (13.61)
<0.001
Triglycerides, (mg/dL)
131.50 (32.00-2566.00)
134.00 (21.00-2100.00)
132.00 (24.00-2693.00)
141.00 (26.00-2397.00)
0.054
C-reactive protein, (mg/dL)
0.20 (0.01-18.10)
0.19 (0.01-13.70)
0.19 (0.01-13.90)
0.19 (0.01-18.50)
0.972
Glycohemoglobin (%)
6.16 (1.33)
5.94 (1.21)
5.77 (1.04)
5.72 (1.01)
<0.001
Medical examination and personal life history
Body mass index, (kg/m2)
28.99 (5.63)
28.67 (5.37)
28.82 (5.63)
28.88 (6.14)
0.534
Physical activity (MET-based rank) (%)
<0.0001
Sits
29.08
21.05
18.44
16.24
Walks
45.04
55.43
46.46
47.66
Light loads
17.47
17.00
25.16
23.12
Heavy work
8.41
6.52
9.94
12.98
Smoked at least 100 cigarettes in life
0.0896
Yes
61.00
57.05
57.12
57.47
No
39.00
42.95
42.88
42.53
Dietary interview—individual foods
Drinking alcohol (gm) first day
19.29 (39.28)
14.37 (34.47)
12.57 (28.96)
10.93 (30.12)
<0.001
Comorbidities (%)
Hypertension history
<0.0001
Yes
46.56
46.54
34.17
36.03
No
53.44
53.46
65.83
63.97
Diabetes history
<0.0001
Yes
24.52
14.01
7.93
3.17
No
75.48
85.99
92.07
96.83
Coronary heart disease
0.0314
Yes
8.75
9.42
5.22
5.80
No
91.25
90.58
94.78
94.20
Stroke
0.5012
Yes
3.82
4.21
2.96
2.60
No
96.18
95.79
97.04
97.40
Enlarged prostate
0.0753
Yes
14.92
20.38
15.97
14.60
No
85.08
79.62
84.03
85.40
Q1–Q4: grouped by quartile according to the total sugar content of the dietary intake group.
