Bacterial Pathogens and Their Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Inanimate Surfaces and Equipment in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Table 6

Pooled estimated antimicrobial resistance among clinically important Gram-negative bacterial species recovered from swab samples of surfaces and equipment in Ethiopia (2013-2020).

Antimicrobial agents	E. coli		P. aeruginosa		K. pneumoniae		Citrobacter spp.
	Pooled estimate (95% CI)	(%)	Pooled estimate (95% CI)	(%)	Pooled estimate (95% CI)	(%)	Pooled estimate (95% CI)	(%)
Ampicillin (AMP)	0.57 (0.45, 0.83)	55.17	0.77 (0.58, 0.82)	<0.001	0.80 (0.78, 0.92)	57.67	0.78 (0.57, 0.83)	96.81
Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (AMC)	0.50 (0.40, 0.73)	82.58	0.68 (0.63, 0.89)	64.87	0.63 (0.51, 0.83)	88.01	0.32 (0.36, 0.54)	45.01
Cotrimoxazole (SXT)	0.81 (0.61, 0.85)	79.03	0.95 (0.82, 0.91)	<0.001	0.88 (0.83, 0.91)	64.27	0.78 (0.60, 0.85)	49.67
Ceftriaxone (CRO)	0.37 (0.16, 0.57)	86.09	0.14 (0.07, 0.24)	87.53	0.24 (0.15, 0.46)	88.50	0.12 (0.06, 0.19)	83.68
Ciprofloxacin (CIP)	0.44 (0.31, 0.50)	89.01	0.55 (0.33, 0.81)	90.86	0.57 (0.39, 0.75)	92.02	0.33 (0.24, 0.66)	92.14
Gentamicin (GEN)	0.53 (0.33, 0.57)	85.91	0.76 (0.58, 0.85)	71.81	0.64 (0.51, 0.80)	86.48	0.56 (0.39, 0.72)	84.29
Erythromycin (ERY)	0.24 (0.16, 0.33)	83.09	0.13 (0.11, 0.24)	76.47	0.31 (0.20, 0.53)	89.66	0.11 (0.12, 0.37)	64.41
Tetracycline (TE)	0.44 (0.20, 0.71)	78.91	0.16 (0.08, 0.35)	88.81	0.22 (0.16, 0.39)	80.68	0.26 (0.13, 0.62)	68.29
Chloramphenicol (C)	0.21 (0.16, 0.32)	86.03	0.14 (0.07, 0.43)	72.11	0.18 (0.09, 0.77)	93.68	0.16 (0.13, 0.92)	91.39