Effects of the Vertebral Artery Ostium/Subclavian Artery Angle on In-Stent Restenosis after Vertebral Artery Ostium Stenting

Table 1

Demographic and clinical summary of vertebral artery ostium in patients with and without in-stent restenosis at follow-up.

Variable	()	()		HR (95% CI)
Mean age (y)			0.54	0.64 (0.15-2.71)
Male ( (%))	46 (93.9)	7 (87.5)	0.64	0.58 (0.06-5.89)
Hypertension ( (%))	32 (65.3)	4 (50.0)	0.55	0.64 (0.14-2.84)
Diabetes ( (%))	15 (30.6)	2 (25.0)	0.78	1.30 (0.20-8.51)
Hyperlipidemia ( (%))	6 (12.2)	6 (75.0)	0.15	3.89 (0.60-25.13)
Coronary artery disease ( (%))	16 (32.7)	1 (12.5)	0.62	0.58 (0.07-5.10)
Smokers ( (%))	33 (67.3)	4 (50.0)	0.52	0.60 (0.12-2.92)
History of alcohol use ( (%))	26 (53.1)	3 (37.5)	0.38	0.51 (0.12-2.28)
Symptoms ( (%))
TIA	34 (69.4)	5 (62.5)	0.45	0.37 (0.03-5.11)
Stroke	3 (6.1)	1 (12.5)	0.30	0.27 (0.02-3.20)
No symptoms	12 (24.5)	2 (25.0)	0.58	0.65 (0.16-3.10)
Contralateral vertebral
Stenosis or occlusion ( (%))	13 (26.5)	2 (25.0)	0.50	0.50 (0.08-3.44)
Preoperative stenosis rate (%)			0.06	0.13 (0.01-1.08)
Residual stenosis (%)			0.34	0.15 (0.00-7.92)
Location of stenting ( (%))			0.84	1.22 (0.18-8.40)
LVAO	30 (61.2)	5 (62.5)
RVAO	19 (38.8)	3 (37.5)
Stent diameter (mm)			0.17	0.28 (0.05-1.72)
Stent length (mm)			0.57	3.11 (0.06-167.04)
Vessel tortuosity ( (%))	6 (12.2)	2 (25.0)	0.09	0.04 (0.00-1.80)
Preoperative angle (°)			0.04	0.19 (0.04-0.96)
≥70°	16 (72.7)	6 (27.3)
<70°	33 (94.3)	2 (5.7)
Postoperative angle ()			0.02	12.11 (1.40-105.04)
≥70°	19 (76.0)	6 (24.0)
<70°	30 (93.8)	2 (6.2)

ISR: in-stent restenosis; TIA: transient ischaemic attack; LVAO: left vertebral artery origin; RVAO: right vertebral artery origin.