Individual/Household and Community-Level Factors Associated with Child Marriage in Mali: Evidence from Demographic and Health Survey
Table 2
Multilevel multivariable results for magnitude and its individual/household and community level factors of child marriage among women aged 18-49 years: evidence from 2018 Mali DHS.
Variable
Model 0
Model I
Model II
Model III
Women’s educational level
No formal education (ref)
Primary school
1.05 (0.89-1.23)
1.02 (0.87-1.20)
Secondary school
0.71 (0.60-0.85)
0.71 (0.60-0.85)
Higher
0.24 (0.13-0.43)
0.25 (0.14-0.44)
Husband educational level
No formal education (ref)
Primary school
0.93 (0.78-1.11)
0.94 (0.78-1.12)
Secondary school
0.86 (0.72-1.02)
0.87 (0.73-1.03)
Higher
0.63 (0.46-0.86)
0.64 (0.47-0.87)
Women occupation
Not working (ref)
Professional or technical or managerial
0.50 (0.33-0.77)
0.50 (0.33-0.77)
Sales
1.00 (0.87-1.14)
1.02 (0.90-1.17)
Agricultural self-employed
1.33 (1.13-1.56)
1.17 (1.00-1.38)
Services
1.14 (0.91-1.44)
1.10 (0.88-1.38)
Others
0.81 (0.53-1.22)
0.84 (0.55-1.27)
Husband occupation
Not working (ref)
Professional or technical or managerial
1.06 (0.82-1.36)
1.06 (0.82-1.37)
Sales
1.19 (0.97-1.45)
1.22 (0.99-1.50)
Agricultural self-employed
1.11 (0.91-1.34)
1.12 (0.92-1.35)
Services
0.95 (0.77-1.18)
0.99 (0.80-1.23)
Others
1.19 (0.92-1.55)
1.18 (0.91-1.53)
Economic status
Poorest (ref)
Poorer
1.03 (0.87-1.22)
1.00 (0.85-1.19)
Middle
0.94 (0.79-1.12)
0.90 (0.76-1.07)
Richer
0.94 (0.77-1.14)
0.98 (0.78-1.22)
Richest
0.61 (0.49-0.77)
0.80 (0.59-1.08)
Ethnicity
Bambara (ref)
Malinke
1.16 (0.93-1.46)
0.97 (0.77-1.22)
Peulh
1.02 (0.85-1.23)
1.02 (0.85-1.22)
Sarakole/soninke/marka
1.16 (0.92-1.44)
1.01 (0.80-1.26)
Sonrae
0.90 (0.73-1.12)
1.10 (0.83-1.47)
Dogon
0.69 (0.53-0.90)
0.96 (0.72-1.29)
Touareg/Bella
0.77 (0.59-0.99)
1.01 (0.71-1.43)
Senoufo/minianka
0.73 (0.59-0.92)
0.73 (0.58-0.92)
Other Malian
0.88 (0.68-1.13)
0.90 (0.70-1.15)
Others
0.61 (0.41-0.91)
0.72 (0.50-1.06)
Media exposure
No (ref)
Yes
1.11 (0.97-1.26)
1.13 (1.00-1.29)
Family size
<5 (ref)
5+
1.16 (1.03-1.30)
Residence
Urban (ref)
Rural
0.91 (0.70-1.17)
0.95 (0.72-1.25)
Distance to health facility
Big problem (ref)
Not a big problem
0.90 (0.81-1.01)
0.93 (0.83-1.05)
Region
Kayes (ref)
Koulikoro
0.65 (0.50-0.83)
0.68 (0.52-0.90)
Sikasso
0.51 (0.40-0.66)
0.59 (0.44-0.78)
Segou
0.37 (0.29-0.48)
0.39 (0.29-0.51)
Mopti
0.28 (0.21-0.37)
0.27 (0.19-0.39)
Toumbouctou
0.53 (0.40-0.71)
0.50 (0.35-0.72)
Gao
0.35 (0.25-0.47)
0.33 (0.22-0.50)
Kidal
0.24 (0.16-0.35)
0.30 (0.17-0.50)
Bamako
0.36 (0.26-0.49)
0.41 (0.29-0.58)
Community literacy level
Low (ref)
Medium
0.95 (0.81-1.11)
0.96 (0.81-1.14)
High
0.68 (0.52-0.88)
0.78 (0.59-1.03)
Community socioeconomic status
Low (ref)
Medium
0.89 (0.72-1.12)
0.97 (0.76-1.24)
High
0.69 (0.52-0.90)
0.88 (0.64-1.21)
Random effect result
PSU variance (95% CI)
0.43 (0.34-0.54)
0.23 (0.16-0.32)
0.14 (0.10-0.21)
0.14 (0.09-0.21)
ICC
0.11
0.06
0.04
0.04
LR test
357.81
100.98
64.42
47.61
Wald chi-square and value
Ref
,
,
,
Model fitness
Log-likelihood
-5534.34
-4868.39
-5430.90
-4818.24
AIC
11072.68
9802.79
10893.82
9730.49
PSU
345
345
345
345
Notes: ref reference, significant at , significant at , significant at . ICC: intraclass correlation; AIC: Akaike information criterion; PSU: primary sampling unit.
