Admission Serum Ionized and Total Calcium as New Predictors of Mortality in Patients with Cardiogenic Shock

Table 2

Association between serum iCa and tCa levels and mortality in patients with CS.

Clinical outcomes	Univariable analysis		Multivariable analysis
	HR (95% CI)	value	HR (95% CI)	value
30-day mortality
iCa (mmol/L)
Q1 ()	1.70 (1.27, 2.28)	<0.001	1.35 (1.00, 1.83)	0.049
Q2 ()	1.07 (0.78, 1.47)	0.657	0.94 (0.68, 1.30)	0.704
Q3 ()	1		1
Q4 ()	1.29 (0.96, 1.74)	0.096	1.17 (0.86, 1.59)	0.315
tCa (mg/dL)
Q1 ()	1.34 (1.00, 1.79)	0.048	1.29 (0.95, 1.74)	0.097
Q2 ()	0.84 (0.62, 1.13)	0.250	0.77 (0.56, 1.04)	0.091
Q3 ()	1		1
Q4 ()	0.84 (0.63, 1.13)	0.252	0.76 (0.56, 1.02)	0.072
90-day mortality
iCa (mmol/L)
Q1 ()	1.60 (1.22, 2.10)	0.001	1.36 (1.03, 1.80)	0.030
Q2 ()	1.12 (0.84, 1.49)	0.428	1.04 (0.78, 1.39)	0.785
Q3 ()	1		1
Q4 ()	1.44 (1.11, 1.88)	0.007	1.33 (1.01, 1.74)	0.041
tCa (mg/dL)
Q1 ()	1.34 (1.03, 1.75)	0.030	1.31 (0.99, 1.72)	0.056
Q2 ()	0.91 (0.69, 1.19)	0.477	0.83 (0.63, 1.09)	0.179
Q3 ()	1		1
Q4 ()	0.86 (0.66, 1.12)	0.262	0.79 (0.60, 1.03)	0.086
365-day mortality
iCa (mmol/L)
Q1 ()	1.45 (1.13, 1.86)	0.003	1.28 (1.01, 1.67)	0.046
Q2 ()	1.05 (0.81, 1.36)	0.716	0.96 (0.74, 1.26)	0.779
Q3 ()	1		1
Q4 ()	1.39 (1.09, 1.77)	0.008	1.27 (0.99, 1.63)	0.057
tCa (mg/dL)
Q1 ()	1.28 (1.00, 1.65)	0.050	1.24 (0.95, 1.60)	0.109
Q2 ()	0.94 (0.73, 1.20)	0.623	0.80 (0.62, 1.03)	0.086
Q3 ()	1		1
Q4 ()	0.89 (0.70, 1.14)	0.369	0.79 (0.61, 1.02)	0.067

The confounders from the multivariable Cox regression analyses included age, SBP, DBP, MBP, phosphorus, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, lactate, AG, creatinine, eGFR, WBC, SOFA, SAPS II, and vasopressor use. CS: cardiogenic shock; iCa: ionized calcium; tCa: total calcium; HR: hazard ratio; CI: confidence interval; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; MBP: mean blood pressure; AG: anion gap; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; WBC: white blood cell; SOFA: Sequential Organ Failure Assessment; SAPS: Simplified Acute Physiology Score.