[Retracted] Protease-Activated Receptor 1 Contributes to Microcirculation Failure and Tubular Damage in Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Mice

Figure 3

Congestion and hemorrhage and microcirculation failure changes following inhibition of PAR-1. IR-induced congestion and hemorrhage were much milder in Q94-treated mouse kidneys. Representative images (a) and corresponding congestion/hemorrhage scores of the renal outer medulla (b). Arrows indicate congestion and hemorrhage. . vs. IR+vehicle. (c) Mice were anesthetized, and superficial area of the kidney after 48 h of IR injury was observed. (d) Intravenously injected 70 kDa dextran conjugated with rhodamine B is depicted in magenta. Blood cells are depicted as shadows. Because of the fast blood flow compared to the microscopy time resolution, the shape of blood cell-derived shadows is a thin line. The disrupted capillary blood flow and reduced cell flow make the blood cell shape clearer, and the blood cell-free area is depicted as saturated magenta. (e) Compared to the blood cell flow in the sham group, IR induced abnormal blood cell flow in the peritubular capillaries. In the Q94 group, the blood cell flow was remarkably improved, although there were still some abnormalities, such as reduced plasma flow that made the capillaries thinner. Proximal tubules generate autofluorescence detected in the green channel. Note that current multiphoton microscopy can visualize less than 100 μm depth from the kidney surface; the morphological changes in the tubules typically evident in the outer medullary region are not observable by multiphoton microscopy.

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