A Review of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Treating Renal Interstitial Fibrosis via Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Apoptosis

Table 1

Traditional Chinese medicines effective for renal interstitial fibrosis.

	Name	Animal model	Targeted pathway	Targeted protein	Reference
Compounds	Resveratrol	UUO rats		eIF2α, ATF4	[26]
		STZ-induced rats	PERK	GRP78, p-PERK, ATF4, CHOP	[57]
	Stachydrine	UUO rats		PERK, CHOP, caspase-3	[58]
		UUO rats		Caspase-12, caspase-9	[59]
	Ginsenoside-Rg1	UUO rats		GRP78, CHOP, caspase-12	[51]
		CsA-induced rats		GRP78, CHOP	[60]
	Astragaloside IV	STZ-induced rats; HG-induced podocytes	PERK-ATF4-CHOP	GRP78, CHOP, ATF4, TRB3	[61]
		STZ-induced rats; TM-induced podocytes		eIF2α, PERK, JNK, GRP78, ORP150, CHOP, cleaved caspase-3	[29]
		STZ+HFD-induced rats		GRP78, p-PERK, PERK, ATF4, CHOP, cleaved caspase-3, Bax/Bcl-2 ratio	[62]
	Curcumin	STZ+HFD-induced mice	ER stress-induced apoptosis; MAPK	GRP78, p-JNK, p-PERK1/2, CYP2E1, cleaved caspase-12, cleaved caspase-3, CHOP	[30]
	Emodin	KKAy mice, HG or TM-induced podocytes	PERK	GRP78, p-PERK, p-eIF2α, ATF4, CHOP	[63]
	Morin hydrate	CP-induced HEK-293 cells, CP-induced ICR mice		PERK, IRE-1α, p-eIF2α, CHOP, caspase-12	[64]
	Withaferin A	UUO mouse		GRP78, GRP94, ATF4, CHOP, p-eIF2α, and cleaved caspase-12	[65]
Extracts	Cordyceps sobolifera	LPS-induced PK1 cells and MDCK cells, LPS-induced rats		GRP78, caspase-12, Beclin-1, caspase-3, PARP, Bax/Bcl-2	[66]
	Gingko biloba	STZ+HFD-induced mice		GRP78, ATF6	[67]
	Cymbopogon citratus (DC. Stapf)	STZ-induced rats	NRF2 signaling	GRP78, PERK, IRE-1, p-eIF2α, CHOP, ATF4	[68]
Chinese herbal formula	Chaiqin Chengqi Decoction	Taurocholate-induced rats; TNF-α or IL-6-treated HK-2		Caspase-9, cleaved caspase-3, GRP78/BIP, IRE1α, XBP1, CHOP	[69]
	Shenshuaiyin Decoction	Adenine-induced rats	ATF6/CHOP	ATF6, CHOP, caspase-3	[70]
	Tongluo Baoshen Formula	STZ-induced rats	JNK	GRP78, p-JNK	[71]
	Danggui Buxue Decoction	STZ-induced rats	IRE1α-JNK	p-IRE1α, p-JNK	[72]
	Manshen Kangning Formula	Adenine-induced rats	PERK-eIF2α-ATF4-CHOP	GRP78, CHOP, ATF4	[73]
	Huaiqihuang	MPC5 podocyte	p-ERK/CHOP pathway	p-PERK, PERK, CHOP	[74, 75]

Abbreviations: ATF4: activated transcription factor 4; ATF6: activated transcription factor 6; BCL2: B-cell lymphoma 2; CHOP: transcription factor C/EBP homologous protein; CP: cisplatin; CsA: cyclosporine A; CYP2E1: cytochrome P450 protein; eIF2α: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; GRP78: glucose regulatory protein 78; HEK-293: human embryonic kidney epithelial cell; HFD: high-fat diet; HG: high glucose; HK-2: human renal proximal tubular cell; IRE1α: inositol requirement protein 1α; JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; MDCK: Madin-Darby canine kidney epithelial cell; ORP150: oxygen regulator 150; p-eIF2α: phosphorylation-eIF2α; p-IRE1α: phosphorylation-IRE1α; p-JNK: phosphorylation-JNK; PERK: protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase; p-PERK: phosphorylated PERK; PK1: porcine kidney epithelial cell; STZ: streptozotocin; TM: tunicamycin; TRB3: tribbles-related protein 3; UUO: unilateral ureteral obstruction; XBP1: X-box-binding protein 1.