Lycopene Ameliorates Liver Inflammation and Redox Status in Mice Exposed to Long-Term Cigarette Smoke

Figure 3

Antioxidant defense and oxidative stress biomarkers in the liver. (a) Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the liver; (b) catalase activity in the liver; (c) GSH/GSSG ratio; (d) reduced glutathione (GSH); (e) oxidized glutathione (GSSG); (f) levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in the liver; (G) carbonylated protein levels in the liver. CG: control group; OG: oil group; CSG: cigarette smoke group; L25CSG: lycopene 25 mg/kg/day and cigarette smoke group; L50CSG: lycopene 50 mg/kg/day and cigarette smoke group; GSH: glutathione sulfide; GSSG: oxidized glutathione. A represents a significant difference when compared to CG; B represents a significant difference when compared to OG; C represents a significant difference when compared to CSG; D represents a significant difference when compared to L25CSG. SOD, CAT, TBARS, and protein carbonyl data were expressed as and were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s posttest (). The GSH/GSSG ratio data were expressed as median, minimum, and maximum value and were analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn’s posttest, animals per group ().

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