In Vivo and In Vitro Analyses of Titanium-Hydroxyapatite Functionally Graded Material for Dental Implants

Figure 5

Cell osteogenic ability in standard culture conditions. (a) The OC levels over a 14-day culture period. (b) Over a 14-day period, the lowest ALP expression in the culture medium occurred in the alloys with the smallest Ti volume, but the expression levels in these groups were still higher than that in the Ti group (, ). (c) TGF-β1 activity of the cells on Ti-HA increased steadily at 4 and 7 days. However, the difference between the groups at 1, 4, 7, and 14 days was not statistically significant (, , 0.89, 0.93, and 0.61, respectively). (d) OC transcript levels measured on days 1, 4, and 7 of culture showed a significant increase in time, with the highest activity on day 7. , , and . The ALP transcript levels measured on days 1, 4, and 7 showed a significant increase with time, with the highest activity observed on day 7 (, ). (e) The TGF-βRI mRNA level increased with the Ti VF (, ). (f) The TGF-βRII mRNA level showed a slight increase (, ).

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