A Methodical Review on the Applications and Potentialities of Using Nanobiosensors for Disease Diagnosis

Table 2

Summary of some reported studies on BioSS/NanoBioSS for the detection of some communicable diseases.

BioMK	Diseases	Procedure	NPs used	LoD	Reference
Viral diseases
Antibodies against COVID-19	COVID-19	Multiplexed grating-coupled FRS plasmonics	Au-coated nanoscale	1 : 1600 dilution	[106]
Dengue viral RNA	Dengue virus	ETC monitoring	Methylene blue conjugated AuNPs	100.00 fM	[107]
S spike glycoproteins	SARS-CoV-2	ETC monitoring	GPO and Au nanostars		[108]
Peptide DNA/RNA	Influenza A viruses (H1 to H16 subtypes)	Visual colorimetric assay (CMA)	Au NPs	2.30 ng	[109]
DENV proteins	Dengue viral disease	ELISA-plate spectrophotometers	Au nanorods	1.00 pg	[110]
COVID-19 spike protein	COVID-19	FET-based BioSS	GP sheets		[111]
Complementary sequences of RdRp-COVID-19, ORF1ab-COVID-19, and E genes of COVID-19	COVID-19	PPT effect and LSPR sensing transduction	Dual-dimensional Au nanoislands (AuNIs)	0.22 pM	[112]
HBV DNA	Hepatitis B	ETC impedance spectra (EIS)	Tin-doped WO3/In2O3 nanowires	0.10 pM to 10.00 μM	[113]
Virus DNA/RNA	Narrowly related Zika and dengue viruses	Fluorometric detection	GPO		[114]
Dengue viral DNA	Dengue viral disease	Sandwich hybridization strategy of DNAs	AuNPs		[111]
Sialyl oligosaccharide receptor-mimic peptide	Influenza A virus	Optimized peptide termination	Boron-doped diamond electrode	5.00–10.00 pfu/sample	[115]
HCVcoreAg	Hepatitis C	Modification of buffer pH from acidic to neutral	Silicon-on-insulator (SOI) nanowire	0.30 pg/mL	[116]
Concanavalin A lectin	Dengue type 2, Zika, chikungunya, and yellow fever	Cyclic VTM and impedance spectroscopy	Zinc oxide NPs	0.0421 pfu/mL for ZIKV, 0.0437 pfu/mL for YFV, 0.062 pfu/mL for CHIKV, and 0.0382 pfu/mL for DENV	[117]
L-lysine levels	HIV	APM BioSS	L-lysine oxidase (LOx NPs) and GPO NPs	0.01 μM	[113]
Nonspecific proteins	MERS-CoV and HCoV	Electrochemiluminescence	Au NPs	0.40 and 1.00 pg mL^−1 for HCoV and MERS-CoV, respectively	[118]
Hepatitis B virus gene	Hepatitis B	ETC monitoring	AMT-Au NPs-PGEs	0.86 μg/mL	[119]
Viral DNA	HPV-18	FRS assay	Ti3C2 nanosheets	100.00 pM	[120]
HIV-1 gene	AIDS	Electrochemiluminescence NanoBioSS	Europium sulfide nanocrystals (EsNCs)	3.00 fM to 0.30 nM	[121]
Envelop protein AB (Zev-Abs)	Zika virus	ETC IMSS	Interdigitated microelectrode of Au (IDE-Au)	10.00 pM	[122]
Virus oligonucleotide	MERS-CoV	CMA	Citrate anion-stabilized AgNPs	1.53 nM	[123]
Virus oligonucleotide	Human papillomavirus	CMA	Citrate anion-stabilized Ag NPs	1.03 nM
Surface receptor	Influenza A	Chromatographic assay	Carbon NPs	350 TCID50/mL (i.e., the 50% tissue culture infectious dose)	[124]
JEV via recognition cavities	Japanese encephalitis virus	FRS detection	Magnetic silicon microspheres	2.50–45.00 nM	[125]
	Influenza A (H1N1) and A (H3N2)	Paper-based immunoassay (IMA)	Au NPs	plaque-forming unit per assay	[126]
AB specific to influenza virus	Influenza A (H7N9)	ETC sensor	GPO, multiwalled CN	0.81 pg/mL	[127]
AB specific to viral infection	Influenza A and B	IMA	Europium NPs	to EID 50/mL	[128]
Specific mouse α-A NP mAbs	Influenza A (H1N1)	FRS IMA	Magnetic NPs (MnFe2O4)	0.007 HAU	[129]
	Influenza A (H3N2)	FET BioSS	Silicon nanowire, magnetic NPs	29 viruses/μL	[130]
DNA-based detection	Influenza A (H5N1)	DNA-based microarray assay (scanometric detection)	AuNPs with Ag staining technique	per assay (PCR fragments); TCID50 per assay (viral RNA)	[131]
Bacterial diseases
Bacterial target DNA	S. aureus	Targeted DNA was quantified in spectrophotometry at 260 nm; the sensitivity of this method was studied with PCR and gel agarose electrophoresis	MNP-TiO2-AP-SMCC	230.00 CFU/mL	[132]
Electrostatic interaction of cell wall and concomitant inhibition of peroxidase activity of CS-MNPs	Gram-negative Escherichia coli or the Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus	CMA	Chitosan-coated iron oxide magnetic NPs (CS-M NPs)	by the naked eye and by spectrophotometry within 10 min	[133]
Anti-E. coli O157 AB	E. coli O157	Cyclic VTM and ETC impedance spectroscopy	Au NPs	15.00 CFU/mL	[134]
Anti-E. coli AB	E. coli	Chemiresistive BioSS	Au NPs	12.00 CFU/mL	[135]
Biofilm	Staphylococcus epidermidis	ETC sensing	Magnesium zinc oxide (MZO) NS	A drain current change of ~80% after ~200 min of S. epidermidis bacteria culturing	[136]
Bacterial peptides	Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus	ETC BioSS	Au NPs	3.00 CFU/mL for Staphylococcus aureus and 9.00 CFU/mL for Listeria monocytogenes	[137]
Bacteria’s target DNA	Foodborne bacteria including Escherichia coli O157:H7, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Shigella, etc.	Amplified microcantilever array BioSS	Au NPs	0.005–0.040 fM or 1–9 cells/mL	[138]
Receptor-binding protein of bacteria	Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Vibrio cholerae	CMA	Au NPs	∼100 cells	[139]
Mycobacterium tuberculosis oligonucleotide	Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB)	CMA	Citrate anion-stabilized (Ag NPs)	1.27 nM	[123]
Fungal diseases
Fungal spores	Aspergillus niger	CMA	Peptide-modified Au NPs	50 spores	[140]
Concanavalin A (ConA) and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) lectins	Candida spp.	Impedimetric BioSS	Lectin-modified Au NPs		[141]
Protein BioMK	Aspergillus fumigatus allergen Asp f 1	CMA	Magneto-BioSS biochip	~100.00 pg/mL	[142]
Parasitic diseases
AB as receptor	Malaria	ETC BioSS	Platinum NPs (Pt NPs)	8.00 ng/mL	[143]
pLDH	Malaria	EIS: ETC impedance spectroscopy	GCE	0.50 fM	[144]
β-Hematin	P. berghei, P. falciparum	ETC NS	Au-CuO	3.60–4.80 mM; 0.65–1.35 mM	[145]
Bilharzia AB	Bilharzia disease	ETC NanoBioSS	Nanostrip with immobilized Au NPs		[146]