Epidemiology of COVID-19 in Tehran, Iran: A Cohort Study of Clinical Profile, Risk Factors, and Outcomes
Table 1
Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients hospitalized for treatment of COVID-19 in hospitals in Tehran.
Variables
Total ()
Survivor ()
Deceased ()
Cramer’s V/Eta
value
Age
60.0 (46.0, 74.0)
57.0 (43.0, 70.0)
73.0 (61.0, 83.0)
0.30
<0.001
BMI
26.3 (23.9, 29.4)
26.4 (24.0, 29.6)
26.0 (22.9, 29.4)
0.05
0.028
Sex
Male
3042 (57.20)
2383 (56.68)
657 (59.08)
0.02
0.151
Female
2276 (42.80)
1821 (43.32)
455 (40.92)
Cough
No
2884 (54.23)
2227 (52.97)
656 (58.99)
0.05
<0.001
Yes
2434 (45.77)
1977 (47.03)
456 (41.01)
Dyspnea
No
2342 (44.04)
1906 (45.34)
436 (39.21)
0.05
<0.001
Yes
2975 (55.94)
2297 (54.64)
676 (60.79)
Fever
No
3064 (57.62)
2378 (56.57)
685 (61.60)
0.04
0.003
Yes
2254 (42.38)
1826 (43.43)
427 (38.40)
Chills
No
3872 (72.81)
3023 (71.91)
848 (76.26)
0.014
0.004
Yes
1445 (27.17)
1180 (28.07)
264 (23.74)
Muscle pain
No
3818 (71.79)
2921 (69.48)
895 (80.49)
0.1
<0.001
Yes
1498 (28.17)
1282 (30.49)
216 (19.42)
Weakness
No
3486 (65.55)
2821 (67.10)
664 (59.71)
0.06
<0.001
Yes
1829 (34.39)
1381 (32.85)
447 (40.20)
Decreased consciousness
No
4836 (90.94)
3990 (94.91)
844 (75.90)
0.27
<0.001
Yes
481 (9.04)
213 (5.07)
268 (24.10)
Sore throat
No
5207 (97.91)
4110 (97.76)
1095 (98.47)
0.02
0.142
Yes
111 (2.09)
94 (2.24)
17 (1.53)
Runny nose
No
5273 (99.15)
4169 (99.17)
1102 (99.10)
0
0.829
Yes
45 (0.85)
35 (0.83)
10 (0.90)
Loss of taste or smell
No
5247 (98.66)
4138 (98.43)
1107 (99.55)
0.04
0.004
Yes
71 (1.34)
66 (1.57)
5 (0.45)
Nausea
No
4109 (77.27)
3202 (76.17)
905 (81.38)
0.05
<0.001
Yes
1208 (22.72)
1001 (23.81)
207 (18.62)
Anorexia
No
4358 (81.95)
3437 (81.76)
921 (82.82)
0.01
0.427
Yes
958 (18.01)
765 (18.20)
191 (17.18)
Diarrhea
No
4788 (90.03)
3755 (89.32)
1031 (92.72)
0.05
0.001
Yes
530 (9.97)
449 (10.68)
81 (7.28)
Chest pain
No
4821 (90.65)
3784 (90.01)
1035 (93.08)
0.04
0.002
Yes
497 (9.35)
420 (9.99)
77 (6.92)
Lymphadenopathy
No
5315 (99.94)
4201 (99.93)
1112 (100.00)
0.01
0.373
Yes
3 (0.06)
3 (0.07)
0 (0.00)
Skin lesions
No
5300 (99.66)
4196 (99.81)
1102 (99.10)
0.05
<0.001
Yes
18 (0.34)
8 (0.19)
10 (0.90)
Joint pain
No
5237 (98.48)
4140 (98.48)
1095 (98.47)
0
0.988
Yes
81 (1.52)
64 (1.52)
17 (1.53)
Headache
No
4729 (88.92)
3686 (87.68)
1041 (93.62)
0.08
<0.001
Yes
588 (11.06)
517 (12.30)
71 (6.38)
Stomach pain
No
4993 (93.89)
3946 (93.86)
1045 (93.97)
0
0.89
Yes
325 (6.11)
258 (6.14)
67 (6.03)
Earache
No
5311 (99.87)
4198 (99.86)
1111 (99.91)
0.01
0.666
Yes
7 (0.13)
6 (0.14)
1 (0.09)
Haemorrhage
No
5298 (99.62)
4193 (99.74)
1103 (99.19)
0.04
0.008
Yes
20 (0.38)
11 (0.26)
9 (0.81)
Hemiparesis
No
3976 (74.76)
3128 (74.41)
847 (76.17)
0.01
0.391
Yes
41 (0.77)
30 (0.71)
11 (0.99)
Pregnancy
No
3991 (75.05)
3134 (74.55)
856 (76.98)
0.03
0.076
Yes
27 (0.51)
25 (0.59)
2 (0.18)
Smoking
No
5020 (94.40)
3973 (94.51)
1045 (93.97)
0.01
0.494
Yes
298 (5.60)
231 (5.49)
67 (6.03)
Alcohol
No
5284 (99.36)
4181 (99.45)
1101 (99.01)
0.02
0.100
Yes
34 (0.64)
23 (0.55)
11 (0.99)
Opium
No
5092 (95.75)
4029 (95.84)
1061 (95.41)
0.01
0.619
Yes
225 (4.23)
175 (4.16)
50 (4.50)
Hookah
No
5289 (99.45)
4181 (99.45)
1106 (99.46)
0
0.976
Yes
29 (0.55)
23 (0.55)
6 (0.54)
HTN
No
3456 (64.99)
2850 (67.79)
604 (54.32)
0.12
<0.001
Yes
1861 (34.99)
1353 (32.18)
508 (45.68)
IHD
No
4532 (85.22)
3677 (87.46)
853 (76.71)
0.12
<0.001
Yes
786 (14.78)
527 (12.54)
259 (23.29)
CABG
No
5094 (95.79)
4057 (96.50)
1035 (93.08)
0.07
<0.001
Yes
224 (4.21)
147 (3.50)
77 (6.92)
CHF
No
5218 (98.12)
4141 (98.50)
1075 (96.67)
0.06
<0.001
Yes
100 (1.88)
63 (1.50)
37 (3.33)
Asthma
No
5178 (97.37)
4091 (97.31)
1085 (97.57)
0.01
0.63
Yes
140 (2.63)
113 (2.69)
27 (2.43)
COPD
No
5228 (98.31)
4138 (98.43)
1088 (97.84)
0.02
0.248
Yes
89 (1.67)
66 (1.57)
23 (2.07)
DM
No
3852 (72.43)
3145 (74.81)
705 (63.40)
0.1
<0.001
Yes
1465 (27.55)
1058 (25.17)
407 (36.60)
Pneumonia
No
5301 (99.68)
4195 (99.79)
1104 (99.28)
0.04
0.008
Yes
17 (0.32)
9 (0.21)
8 (0.72)
CVA
No
5048 (94.92)
4047 (96.27)
999 (89.84)
0.12
<0.001
Yes
269 (5.06)
156 (3.71)
113 (10.16)
Gastrointestinal symptoms
No
5255 (98.82)
4157 (98.88)
1096 (98.56)
0.01
0.379
Yes
63 (1.18)
47 (1.12)
16 (1.44)
CKD
No
5093 (95.77)
4054 (96.43)
1037 (93.26)
0.06
<0.001
Yes
225 (4.23)
150 (3.57)
75 (6.74)
Rheumatoid arthritis
No
5269 (99.08)
4169 (99.17)
1098 (98.74)
0.02
0.186
Yes
49 (0.92)
35 (0.83)
14 (1.26)
Cancer
No
5047 (94.90)
4028 (95.81)
1017 (91.46)
0.07
<0.001
Yes
247 (4.64)
162 (3.85)
85 (7.64)
HLP
No
5062 (95.19)
4000 (95.15)
1060 (95.32)
0
0.831
Yes
255 (4.80)
203 (4.83)
52 (4.68)
Hepatitis C
No
5310 (99.85)
4198 (99.86)
1110 (99.82)
0.01
0.619
Yes
7 (0.13)
5 (0.12)
2 (0.18)
Thyroid problems
No
5048 (94.92)
3991 (94.93)
1055 (94.87)
0
0.949
Yes
261 (4.91)
206 (4.90)
55 (4.95)
Immunodeficiency
No
5307 (99.79)
4194 (99.76)
1111 (99.91)
0.01
0.334
Yes
11 (0.21)
10 (0.24)
1 (0.09)
Seizure
No
5255 (98.82)
4156 (98.86)
1097 (98.65)
0.01
0.570
Yes
63 (1.18)
48 (1.14)
15 (1.35)
Tuberculosis
No
5303 (99.72)
4192 (99.71)
1109 (99.73)
0
0.930
Yes
15 (0.28)
12 (0.29)
3 (0.27)
Anemia
No
5252 (98.76)
4153 (98.79)
1097 (98.65)
0
0.484
Yes
64 (1.20)
50 (1.19)
14 (1.26)
Fatty liver
No
5287 (99.42)
4177 (99.36)
1108 (99.64)
0.02
0.271
Yes
31 (0.58)
27 (0.64)
4 (0.36)
Nervous problems
No
5235 (98.44)
4146 (98.62)
1087 (97.75)
0.03
0.036
Yes
75 (1.41)
52 (1.24)
23 (2.07)
Parkinson
No
5260 (98.91)
4176 (99.33)
1082 (97.30)
0.08
<0.001
Yes
58 (1.09)
28 (0.67)
30 (2.70)
Alzheimer
No
5200 (97.78)
4153 (98.79)
1045 (93.97)
0.13
<0.001
Yes
118 (2.22)
51 (1.21)
67 (6.03)
Dialysis
No
5097 (95.84)
4108 (97.72)
987 (88.76)
0.18
<0.001
Yes
221 (4.16)
96 (2.28)
125 (11.24)
Blood injection
No
4791 (90.09)
3909 (92.98)
881 (79.23)
0.19
<0.001
Yes
522 (9.82)
292 (6.95)
229 (20.59)
Injection of platelets or fresh frozen plasma (FFP)
No
5188 (97.56)
4145 (98.60)
1041 (93.62)
0.13
<0.001
Yes
130 (2.44)
59 (1.40)
71 (6.38)
Intubation
No
4883 (91.82)
4126 (98.14)
755 (67.90)
0.45
<0.001
Yes
432 (8.12)
75 (1.78)
357 (32.10)
Number of days hospitalized in the hospital emergency department
—
1.0 (1.0, 1.0)
1.0 (1.0, 1.0)
1.0 (1.0, 1.0)
0.04
0.159
Number of days hospitalized in the hospital general department
—
5.0 (2.0, 9.0)
5.0 (2.0, 9.0)
4.0 (1.0, 8.0)
0.03
<0.001
Number of days hospitalized in the hospital ICU department
—
4.0 (2.0, 8.0)
5.0 (2.0, 9.0)
4.0 (1.0, 8.0)
0.02
0.035
Oxygen saturation
—
90.0 (85.0, 93.0)
90.0 (86.0, 94.0)
85.0 (76.0, 90.0)
0.32
<0.001
O2 saturation with ventilator
—
95.0 (92.0, 98.0)
96.0 (93.0, 98.0)
93.0 (88.0, 97.0)
0.30
<0.001
Pulse rate
—
85.0 (80.0, 95.0)
85.0 (80.0, 93.0)
88.0 (80.0, 100.0)
0.08
<0.001
Diastolic pressure
—
80.0 (70.0, 80.0)
80.0 (70.0, 80.0)
75.0 (70.0, 80.0)
0.02
0.007
Systolic pressure
—
120.0 (110.0, 130.0)
120.0 (110.0, 130.0)
120.0 (100.0, 130.0)
0.03
0.001
Respiratory rate
—
18.0 (17.0, 20.0)
18.0 (17.0, 20.0)
19.0 (18.0, 22.0)
0.10
<0.001
Body temperature
—
37.0 (36.9, 37.5)
37.0 (36.9, 37.5)
37.0 (36.8, 37.5)
0.01
0.653
The Cramer’s V test was used to measure the association between categorical variables and status. The value of Cramer’s V indicates how strongly two categorical variables are associated, giving a value between 0 and +1. For numeric variables, the Mann–Whitney test was used to compare median values between survivors and deceased cases. Eta was used to measure the association of numeric variables with status, giving a value between 0 and 1. In both Cramer’s V and Eta, values close to 1 indicating a high degree of association. The missing values were ignored in calculation of percentages. The median (Q1, Q3) and frequency (%) were used for describing the numeric and categorical variables, respectively.
