Anatomical Evaluation of Root and Root Canal Configuration of Permanent Maxillary Dentition in the Population of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Table 3

Number of roots, number of canals, and root canal configuration of maxillary first and second premolars among Saudi populations.

Study (year)	Region	Method	Sample	# roots (%)			# canals (%)				Vertucci’s system (%)
				1	2	3	1	2	3	4	I	II	III	IV	V	VI	VII	VIII	Others
First premolars
Mashyakhy et al. [14]	Southern	CBCT	351	143	202	6	13	327	9	2	13	24	27	224	52	1			10
		In vivo		(40.7)	(57.5)	(1.8)	(3.7)	(93.1)	(2.6)	(0.6)	(3.7)	(6.8)	(7.7)	(63.8)	(14.8)	(0.3)			(2.8)
Al-Zubaidi et al. [27]	Northern	CBCT	500	199	293	8	39	453	8		26	164	3	289	10			8
		In vivo		(39.8)	(58.6)	(1.60)	(7.8)	(90.6)	(1.6)		(5.2)	(32.8)	(0.6)	(57.8)	(2)			(1.6)
Elhejazi et al. [29]	Central	CBCT	200	122	78		33	167
		In vivo		(61.0)	(39.0)		(16.5)	(83.5)
Maghfuri et al. [30]	Southern	CBCT	100	36	61	3		97	3			7		75	13	2		3
		In vitro		(36.0)	(61.0)	(3.0)		(97.0)	(3.0)			(7.0)		(75.0)	(13.0)	(2.0)		(3.0)
Alqedairi et al. [28]	Central	CBCT	334	79	251	4					36	28	6	236	13	7	1	7
		In vivo		(23.7)	(75.1)	(1.2)					(10.8)	(8.4)	(1.8)	(70.6)	(3.9)	(2.1)	(0.3)	(2.1)
Elkady et al. (2013)	Western	CBCT	120	34	86						6	6	12	84	8		4
		In vivo		(28.3)	(71.7)						(5.0)	(5.0)	(1.0)	(70.0)	(6.7)		(3.3)
Al-Nazhan et al. [26]	Central	PA	463				17	435	11
		In vivo					(3.7)	(94.0)	(2.3)
Atieh et al. (2008)	Eastern	PA	246	44	199	3	22	221	3
		In vitro		(17.9)	(80.9)	(1.2)	(8.9)	(89.9)	(1.2)
Total			2314	657	1170	24	124	1700	34	2	81	229	48	908	96	10	5	18	10
				(35.5)^α	(63.2)^α	(1.3)^α	(6.0)^β	(91.4)^β	(1.8)^β	(0.1)^β	(5.8)^δ	(16.3)^δ	(3.4)^δ	(64.6)^δ	(6.8)^δ	(0.7)^δ	(0.4)^δ	(1.3)^δ	(0.7)^δ
Second premolars
Mashyakhy et al. [14]	Southern	CBCT	359	316	43		137	219	3		137	39	55	69	44	4	8		3
		In vivo		(88.0)	(12.0)		(38.2)	(61.0)	(0.8)		(38.2)	(10.9)	(15.3)	(19.2)	(12.3)	(1.1)	(2.2)		(0.8)
Al-Zubaidi et al. [27]	Northern	CBCT	500	416	79	5	348	147	5		302	82	32	64	14		1	5
		In vivo		(83.2)	(15.8)	(1.0)	(69.6)	(29.4)	(1.0)		(60.4)	(16.4)	(6.4)	(12.8)	(2.8)		(0.2)	(1.0)
Elhejazi et al. [29]	Central	CBCT	200	186	14		115	85
		In vivo		(93.0)	(7.0)		(57.5)	(42.5)
Alqedairi et al. [28]	Central	CBCT	318	271	46	1					157	82	16	37	18	5		3
		In vivo		(85.2)	(14.5)	(0.3)					(49.4)	(25.8)	(5.0)	(11.6)	(5.7)	(1.6)		(0.9)
Elnour et al. (2016)	Eastern	CT	100	67	30	3	30	65	5		17	7	9	23	23		2		19
		In vitro		(67.0)	(30.0)	(3.0)	(30.0)	(65.0)	(5.0)		(17.0)	(7.0)	(9.0)	(23.0)	(23.0)		(2.0)		(19.0)
Elkady et al. (2013)	Western	CBCT	110	84	26						40	12	14	26	12		6
		In vivo		(76.4)	(23.6)						(36.3)	(10.9)	(12.7)	(23.6)	(10.9)		(5.4)
Al-Nazhan [26]	Central	PA	431				171	256	4
		In vivo					(39.7)	(59.4)	(0.9)
Total			2018	1340	238	9	801	772	17		653	222	126	219	111	9	17	8	22
				(84.4)^η	(15.0)^η	(0.6)^η	(50.4)^λ	(48.6)^λ	(1.0)^λ		(47.1)^μ	(16.0)^μ	(9.1)^μ	(15.8)^μ	(8.0)^μ	(0.7)^μ	(1.2)^μ	(0.6)^μ	(1.6)^μ

^αThe percentage is out of 1,851 teeth (studies that investigated the number of roots of 1^st premolars); ^βthe percentage is out of 1,860 teeth (studies that investigated the number of canals of 1^st premolars); ^δthe percentage is out of 1,405 teeth (studies that investigated the Vertucci system of 1^st premolars); ^ηthe percentage is out of 1,587 teeth (studies that investigated the number of roots of 2^nd premolars); ^λthe percentage is out of 1,590 teeth (studies that investigated the number of canals of 2^nd premolars); ^μthe percentage is out of 1,387 teeth (studies that investigated the Vertucci system of 2^nd premolars).