Review Article

New Insights into Cartilage Tissue Engineering: Improvement of Tissue-Scaffold Integration to Enhance Cartilage Regeneration

Table 1

Biomolecules in cartilage integration.

No.Recruited biomoleculeResultReference

1FGF-2Increased GAG and type II collagen biosynthesis. Proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes[77, 114117]
2IGF-1Stimulation of proteoglycan synthesis, chondrocyte proliferation, and cell homing. Improved histologic appearance in rabbit full-thickness cartilage defect[75, 79, 118123]
3FGF-18Increased hyaline-cartilage production[124, 125]
4KartogeninIntact cartilage regeneration[126]
5TGF-β1Improved chondrogenic regeneration and cartilage integrity in a rabbit model[127]
6TGF-β1/IGF-1Chondrogenic differentiation, GAG deposition, and neocartilage integration to host tissue[80]
7TGF-β3Extracellular matrix formation by fibrochondrocytes of meniscus. Endogenous stem cell recruitment and in situ cartilage regeneration[81, 128]
8TGF-β3/kartogeninPromotion of chondrogenesis and cartilage regeneration by synergistic effect and improved integrity in rabbit models[129]
9PRPEnhanced chondrocyte proliferation and redifferentiation. Increase matrix accumulation[78, 130, 131]
10BMHPStem cell recruitment to the defect site and neocartilage similarity to native tissue[82]
11KLPP self-assembling peptideRecruitment of endogenous chondrocytes and promotion of tissue integration[83]

BMHP: bone marrow homing peptide.