Precision medicine is a new medical model which proposes the customization of healthcare with clinical decisions, therapeutic schemes, and medical practices. In precision medicine, disease diagnosis is often applied to choose optimal and suitable therapies dependent on genome information or other molecular or cellular analysis of the patient. In recent years, with the advent and development of multiple sequencing methods, especially next-generation sequencing (NGS), fundamental achievements have accumulated to provide the opportunity to move towards a variety of innovative strategies. These include integrative bioinformatics analyses, with different computational toolsets, using multiscale biological data, and ever-increasing improvements in disease modeling for diagnosis, testing, and therapeutic intervention. Therefore, multiscale biological data in support of precision medicine has become increasingly commonplace and can provide a deeper understanding of the molecular processes of diseases.

However, precision medicine still encounters some barriers, including the integration of clinical and biological information, the development of accurate measurement methods, finding precise biomarkers, and choosing the optimal therapy. In addition, in the field of oncology, tumor relapse due to currently unknown causes, tumor heterogeneity, real-time monitoring for treatment efficacy, and unexpected drug resistance are all challenges that need to be addressed.

Therefore, the aim of this Special Issue on precision medicine is to provide a collection of multidisciplinary research or review articles integrating different scale data, with a focus on the integration of clinical and biological information, advanced accurate analytical methods, and novel biomarkers, as well as the application of disease modeling.

Potential topics include but are not limited to the following:

• Precise molecular typing of diseases
• Biomarker discovery for diseases
• Predictive models for diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis
• Novel computational methods for precision medicine
• Development and application of disease models, including patient-derived xenografts or organoids
• Antibody drug development
• Single-cell sequencing for exploring the potential molecular mechanisms of diseases
• Immunotherapy for diseases using integrated multiscale biological data
• Liquid biopsy for monitoring disease development and curative effects
• Translational medicine