Prospective Memory Impairment and Executive Dysfunction in Prefrontal Lobe Damaged Patients: Is There a Causal Relationship?

Table 1

Performance scores of G.P. and V.B. on the tests of neuropsychological battery. 𝑡-tests for significant differences of individual scores from average scores of groups of normal controls are also reported.

	G.P.	Healthy controls; (𝑁=8); M (SD)	𝑡	𝑃	V.B.	Healthy controls; (𝑁=8); M (SD)	𝑡	𝑃
General intelligence
Raven’s Coloured Matrices(Carlesimo et al., 1996, [31])	35	35.0 (0.9)	0.00	.50	34	34.1 (2.5)	0.03	.48
Short-term memory
Digit span forward (Orsini et al., 1987, [33])	6	7.3 (1.2)	1.00	.17	7	6.7 (1.0)	0.23	.41
Corsi span forward (Orsini et al., 1987, [33])	7	6.4 (0.5)	1.1	.15	6	6.4 (0.7)	.48	.32
Declarative memory
15-word learning task (Carlesimo et al., 1996, [31])
Immediate recall	39	54.6 (7.8)	1.89	.05*	44	51.1 (6.1)	1.10	.15
15 min. delayed recall	5	12.5 (1.9)	3.72	.004*	10	13.1 (1.8)	1.62	.07
Recognition (hit rates + correct rejections)	24	29.6 (0.5)	10.2	.001*	28	29.0 (1.4)	0.67	.26
Prose recall (Carlesimo et al., 2002, [32])
Immediate recall	4.1	6.9 (0.8)	3.43	.006*	6.6	6.5 (1.0)	0.09	.46
20 min. delayed recall	4.1	6.9 (0.7)	3.62	.004*	6.3	6.7 (1.3)	0.29	.39
Rey’s Figure (Carlesimo et al., 2002, [32])
Immediate reproduction	21	26.2 (4.0)	1.26	.12	18	25.8 (7.3)	1.01	.17
15 min. delayed reproduction	22	27.3 (3.5)	1.43	.10	18	25.5 (6.1)	1.16	.14
Supraspan spatial sequence learning (Spinnler and Tognoni, 1987, [34])	26.7	27.2 (1.3)	0.36	.36	26.6	26.7 (2.9)	0.03	.49
Visuospatial abilities
Copy of drawings (Carlesimo et al., 1996, [31])	10	10.7 (1.0)	0.66	.27	12	11.5 (0.9)	0.52	.31
Copy of drawings with Landmarks (Carlesimo et al., 1996,  [31])	69	69.0 (2.8)	0.00	.50	70	70 (0.0)	0.00	.50
Rey’s Figure Copy (Carlesimo et al., 2002, [32])	30	35.0 (2.8)	1.68	.07	36	35.2 (1.8)	0.42	.34

∗Significant difference.